1 00:00:58,730 --> 00:01:03,518 THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS, 2 00:01:03,585 --> 00:01:05,186 SALT LAKE CITY. 3 00:01:05,253 --> 00:01:09,690 THE AMERICAN NATION IS DOOMED TO DESTRUCTION, 4 00:01:09,757 --> 00:01:12,560 AND NO POWER CAN SAVE IT. 5 00:01:12,626 --> 00:01:15,363 IT IS DECREED THAT THE MEASURE 6 00:01:15,429 --> 00:01:19,300 WHICH THEY HAVE METED OUT UNTO THE SAINTS 7 00:01:19,367 --> 00:01:21,736 SHALL BE METED UNTO THEM, 8 00:01:21,802 --> 00:01:25,523 AND THEY ARE HASTENING UNTO THEIR WORK OF DESOLATION 9 00:01:25,589 --> 00:01:30,077 WAR, BLOODSHED, AND DESTRUCTION, 10 00:01:30,144 --> 00:01:32,847 AND WOE, WOE IS THEIR DOOM. 11 00:01:32,914 --> 00:01:39,286 THE SPIRIT OF PROPHECY WOULD CRY, "O, LORD, HASTEN THY WORK. 12 00:01:39,353 --> 00:01:42,674 "LET THE WICKED SLAY THE WICKED 13 00:01:42,740 --> 00:01:46,944 UNTIL THE WHOLE LAND IS CLEANSED" -- 14 00:01:47,011 --> 00:01:49,080 WILFORD WOODRUFF. 15 00:01:53,968 --> 00:01:59,390 Man: TIME AFTER TIME, CONGRESS AND THE PEOPLE IN THE EAST 16 00:01:59,457 --> 00:02:04,945 SAW THE WEST AS A SAFETY VALVE, A PLACE WHERE YOU COULD GO 17 00:02:05,012 --> 00:02:09,233 AND ESCAPE THE PROBLEMS OF WHERE YOU WERE. 18 00:02:09,300 --> 00:02:13,337 IT WAS PART OF THE WHOLE MYTH OF THE WEST. 19 00:02:13,404 --> 00:02:16,474 YOU COULD ESCAPE AND BE FREE. 20 00:02:16,540 --> 00:02:19,009 WELL, WE THOUGHT WE COULD ESCAPE 21 00:02:19,076 --> 00:02:23,564 WHATEVER NATIONAL TENSIONS AND UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS WE HAD, 22 00:02:23,631 --> 00:02:28,403 BUT IT CAME BACK, YOU KNOW, LIKE A BIG WIND FROM THE PRAIRIE, 23 00:02:28,469 --> 00:02:30,838 BIGGER AND BIGGER EACH TIME. 24 00:02:32,790 --> 00:02:36,961 [ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ] 25 00:02:50,574 --> 00:02:53,327 [ VOICES ADDED TO CHANTING ] 26 00:03:26,794 --> 00:03:30,581 Narrator: FROM THE BEGINNING, THE UNITED STATES HAD ENVISIONED 27 00:03:30,631 --> 00:03:33,100 AN ORDERLY EXPANSION INTO THE WEST -- 28 00:03:33,167 --> 00:03:37,271 TREATIES WERE SUPPOSED TO LEGITIMIZE SETTLEMENT, 29 00:03:37,337 --> 00:03:40,725 OFFICIAL SURVEYS WERE TO MAP THE LAND, 30 00:03:40,791 --> 00:03:45,162 THEN, AMERICANS COULD SPREAD PEACEFULLY ACROSS IT -- 31 00:03:45,213 --> 00:03:50,284 ALL UNDER THE GUIDANCE AND PROTECTION OF THEIR GOVERNMENT. 32 00:03:50,350 --> 00:03:55,739 BUT THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH AND THE WAR WITH MEXICO 33 00:03:55,806 --> 00:03:57,942 CHANGED EVERYTHING. 34 00:04:02,029 --> 00:04:06,567 AMERICANS WERE NOW MOVING WEST, IN EVER-LARGER NUMBERS, 35 00:04:06,634 --> 00:04:09,153 AHEAD OF THEIR GOVERNMENT -- 36 00:04:09,220 --> 00:04:12,973 SEARCHING FOR NEW TREASURE, CLEARING LAND, 37 00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:16,877 BUILDING TOWNS AND CITIES, STARTING OVER. 38 00:04:16,944 --> 00:04:20,431 BUT THE NEW SETTLERS BROUGHT WITH THEM 39 00:04:20,498 --> 00:04:25,886 THEIR NATION'S OLDEST AND MOST DIVISIVE ISSUE -- SLAVERY. 40 00:04:25,953 --> 00:04:29,573 ONCE SEEN AS THE LAND OF HOPE AND NEW BEGINNINGS, 41 00:04:29,624 --> 00:04:33,310 THE WEST BECAME A BREEDING GROUND FOR THE BLOODSHED 42 00:04:33,377 --> 00:04:36,964 THAT WOULD EVENTUALLY ENGULF THE WHOLE COUNTRY. 43 00:04:37,030 --> 00:04:40,251 AND WHEN WAR FINALLY CAME, 44 00:04:40,318 --> 00:04:44,688 THE RESULT IN THE WEST WAS CHAOS -- 45 00:04:44,755 --> 00:04:49,093 HATRED CONSUMED ENTIRE COMMUNITIES, 46 00:04:49,143 --> 00:04:54,448 CRIMINALS LED ARMIES, AND NO ONE WAS SAFE. 47 00:04:54,515 --> 00:04:56,184 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 48 00:04:56,250 --> 00:05:00,754 ENGAGED IN A STRUGGLE SIMPLY TO HOLD THE COUNTRY TOGETHER, 49 00:05:00,821 --> 00:05:05,944 COULD DO NOTHING TO STOP IT. 50 00:05:06,010 --> 00:05:10,080 A PIOUS NEW HAMPSHIRE WOMAN WHO MOVED WEST 51 00:05:10,147 --> 00:05:14,218 HOPING TO KEEP THE REGION FREE OF SLAVERY 52 00:05:14,285 --> 00:05:18,305 INSTEAD WOULD WATCH AS HER KANSAS NEIGHBORS 53 00:05:18,372 --> 00:05:21,291 WANTONLY KILLED ONE ANOTHER. 54 00:05:21,358 --> 00:05:24,995 A DEVOUT MORMON WHO HAD FLED WEST WITH HIS PEOPLE 55 00:05:25,062 --> 00:05:26,713 TO AVOID PERSECUTION 56 00:05:26,780 --> 00:05:29,700 WOULD TAKE PART IN THE WORST MASSACRE 57 00:05:29,767 --> 00:05:33,154 OF INNOCENT PIONEERS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 58 00:05:33,220 --> 00:05:35,356 A FANATICAL METHODIST PARSON 59 00:05:35,423 --> 00:05:39,760 WOULD TRANSFORM HIMSELF INTO A CELEBRATED SOLDIER -- 60 00:05:39,827 --> 00:05:43,280 AND THEN TRY TO BUILD A POLITICAL CAREER 61 00:05:43,347 --> 00:05:44,865 BASED ON MURDER. 62 00:05:44,932 --> 00:05:50,571 WHILE A CHEYENNE CHIEF, WHO WANTED NOTHING BUT PEACE, 63 00:05:50,638 --> 00:05:54,975 WOULD FIND NO ESCAPE, AS TIME AND AGAIN 64 00:05:55,042 --> 00:06:00,147 HIS UNSUSPECTING VILLAGE BECAME A BATTLEFIELD. 65 00:06:00,213 --> 00:06:04,318 Woman: WHAT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE THIS WONDERFUL DREAM 66 00:06:04,385 --> 00:06:08,423 THAT THE WEST WILL UNITE THE SOUTH AND THE NORTH -- 67 00:06:08,489 --> 00:06:10,975 THE WEST WILL BE THE KIND OF NEW CHILD 68 00:06:11,041 --> 00:06:14,228 WHO BRINGS THIS TROUBLED MARRIAGE TOGETHER -- 69 00:06:14,294 --> 00:06:16,463 1850s CARRY A DIFFERENT LESSON ENTIRELY, 70 00:06:16,547 --> 00:06:19,901 WHICH IS THAT THIS IS THE CHILD THAT WILL BLOW UP THE MARRIAGE. 71 00:06:19,967 --> 00:06:23,454 THAT'S THE MOST CONSEQUENTIAL MOMENT OF THE WEST 72 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:25,038 FOR THE NATION. 73 00:06:25,105 --> 00:06:29,243 THAT'S WHERE THERE'S NO QUESTION ABOUT HOW CENTRAL THE WEST IS 74 00:06:29,310 --> 00:06:31,545 TO THE WHOLE STORY OF THE COUNTRY. 75 00:06:31,612 --> 00:06:35,099 [ THUNDER RUMBLES ] 76 00:06:35,165 --> 00:06:39,653 [ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ] 77 00:06:54,952 --> 00:06:57,054 A GREAT WORK IS TO BE DONE, 78 00:06:57,121 --> 00:07:00,040 AND KANSAS IS THE GREAT BATTLEFIELD 79 00:07:00,107 --> 00:07:03,210 WHERE A MIGHTY CONFLICT IS TO BE WAGED 80 00:07:03,276 --> 00:07:05,379 WITH THE MONSTER SLAVERY, 81 00:07:05,445 --> 00:07:11,135 AND HE WILL BE ROUTED AND SLAIN. 82 00:07:11,202 --> 00:07:14,054 AMEN AND AMEN -- 83 00:07:14,121 --> 00:07:17,425 JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY. 84 00:07:20,210 --> 00:07:22,446 Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF 1855, 85 00:07:22,497 --> 00:07:26,684 THE REVEREND CHARLES H. LOVEJOY OF CROYDON, NEW HAMPSHIRE, 86 00:07:26,750 --> 00:07:30,687 HIS 43-YEAR-OLD WIFE, JULIA LOUISA, AND THEIR CHILDREN 87 00:07:30,754 --> 00:07:32,456 CROSSED THE MISSOURI RIVER 88 00:07:32,522 --> 00:07:36,010 INTO THE NEWLY CREATED KANSAS TERRITORY. 89 00:07:36,076 --> 00:07:40,180 THERE WERE THOUSANDS OF SETTLERS POURING IN THAT YEAR 90 00:07:40,247 --> 00:07:44,852 TO STAKE CLAIMS IN WHAT HAD RECENTLY BEEN INDIAN LANDS. 91 00:07:44,919 --> 00:07:49,023 BUT THE LOVEJOYS -- AND OTHERS LIKE THEM FROM NEW ENGLAND -- 92 00:07:49,089 --> 00:07:52,042 WERE A DIFFERENT KIND OF AMERICAN PIONEER, 93 00:07:52,108 --> 00:07:55,446 NOT INTERESTED IN GOLD, LAND, OR ADVENTURE. 94 00:07:57,264 --> 00:07:59,233 THEY WERE ABOLITIONISTS, 95 00:07:59,300 --> 00:08:03,403 PART OF A GRASS-ROOTS MOVEMENT SWEEPING THE NORTH. 96 00:08:03,470 --> 00:08:05,022 THEY WERE OUTRAGED 97 00:08:05,089 --> 00:08:09,092 THAT IN A NATION FOUNDED ON THE IDEAL OF FREEDOM, 98 00:08:09,159 --> 00:08:14,381 NEARLY 4 MILLION AMERICANS WERE STILL OWNED BY OTHER AMERICANS. 99 00:08:14,449 --> 00:08:17,317 THE LOVEJOYS HAD COME WEST, 100 00:08:17,384 --> 00:08:23,290 DETERMINED TO KEEP THE SOIL OF KANSAS FREE FROM SLAVERY. 101 00:08:23,357 --> 00:08:24,692 [ GAVEL POUNDS ] 102 00:08:24,758 --> 00:08:26,994 FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY, 103 00:08:27,060 --> 00:08:30,181 AS THE UNITED STATES EXPANDED WESTWARD, 104 00:08:30,248 --> 00:08:33,100 CONGRESS HAD QUARRELED AGAIN AND AGAIN 105 00:08:33,167 --> 00:08:37,638 OVER WHETHER THE NEW TERRITORIES WOULD BE SLAVE OR FREE, 106 00:08:37,705 --> 00:08:41,325 EACH TIME WORKING OUT A FRAGILE COMPROMISE. 107 00:08:41,392 --> 00:08:43,661 Duncan: EVERY TIME THAT THEY THOUGHT 108 00:08:43,711 --> 00:08:46,614 THAT THEY HAD HODGEPODGED SOMETHING TOGETHER, 109 00:08:46,680 --> 00:08:49,700 SOME NEW LAND IN THE WEST WOULD BECOME AVAILABLE 110 00:08:49,767 --> 00:08:53,737 THAT AMERICANS WERE SETTLING AND WANTING TO BRING INTO THE UNION, 111 00:08:53,804 --> 00:08:56,890 AND IT KEPT BRINGING IT RIGHT BACK TO CONGRESS. 112 00:08:56,957 --> 00:08:59,260 WELL, WILL IT BE FREE, OR SLAVE, 113 00:08:59,326 --> 00:09:02,479 AND WILL THAT UPSET THIS DELICATE BALANCE 114 00:09:02,546 --> 00:09:05,181 THAT IT WAS CONSTRUCTED 10 YEARS AGO OR 20 YEARS AGO 115 00:09:05,248 --> 00:09:06,616 OR 30 YEARS AGO? 116 00:09:08,669 --> 00:09:11,104 Narrator: IN 1854, CONGRESS HAD CREATED 117 00:09:11,171 --> 00:09:14,057 TWO NEW TERRITORIES -- KANSAS AND NEBRASKA -- 118 00:09:14,124 --> 00:09:16,811 AND PROPOSED TO HOLD A SPECIAL ELECTION 119 00:09:16,877 --> 00:09:19,397 WHICH WOULD LEAVE THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY 120 00:09:19,463 --> 00:09:21,999 UP TO THE SETTLERS WHO LIVED THERE. 121 00:09:22,066 --> 00:09:24,301 MANY IN CONGRESS BELIEVED 122 00:09:24,368 --> 00:09:28,972 THIS NEW COMPROMISE WOULD HOLD THE NATION TOGETHER. 123 00:09:29,039 --> 00:09:31,825 INSTEAD, IT WOULD TEAR IT APART. 124 00:09:31,892 --> 00:09:35,312 AND THE WEST WOULD BECOME A BATTLEGROUND 125 00:09:35,378 --> 00:09:38,466 FOR THE SOUL OF THE COUNTRY. 126 00:09:41,719 --> 00:09:44,604 WE ARE PLAYING FOR A MIGHTY STAKE. 127 00:09:44,671 --> 00:09:47,241 THE GAME MUST BE PLAYED BOLDLY. 128 00:09:47,307 --> 00:09:49,176 WE ARE ORGANIZING. 129 00:09:49,243 --> 00:09:53,247 WE WILL BE COMPELLED TO SHOOT, BURN, AND HANG, 130 00:09:53,314 --> 00:09:56,567 BUT THE THING WILL SOON BE OVER. 131 00:09:56,633 --> 00:10:02,857 IF WE WIN, WE CAN CARRY SLAVERY TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN -- 132 00:10:02,923 --> 00:10:06,977 SENATOR DAVID ATCHISON, MISSOURI. 133 00:10:07,044 --> 00:10:10,680 COME ON THEN, GENTLEMEN OF THE SLAVE STATES. 134 00:10:10,747 --> 00:10:14,251 SINCE THERE IS NO ESCAPING YOUR CHALLENGE, 135 00:10:14,318 --> 00:10:18,105 I ACCEPT IT IN BEHALF OF THE CAUSE OF FREEDOM. 136 00:10:18,171 --> 00:10:23,093 WE WILL ENGAGE IN COMPETITION FOR THE VIRGIN SOIL OF KANSAS, 137 00:10:23,159 --> 00:10:27,547 AND GOD GIVE THE VICTORY TO THE SIDE WHICH IS STRONGER 138 00:10:27,615 --> 00:10:31,001 IN NUMBERS AS IT IS IN THE RIGHT -- 139 00:10:31,068 --> 00:10:34,354 SENATOR WILLIAM H. SEWARD, NEW YORK. 140 00:10:34,421 --> 00:10:36,556 Limerick: TO HAND THE ISSUE TO KANSAS 141 00:10:36,623 --> 00:10:39,609 IS TO ASK FOR THE MOST EXPLOSIVE CONDITIONS POSSIBLE. 142 00:10:39,676 --> 00:10:43,881 TO TAKE THE MOST UNSETTLED KIND OF SOCIETY AND THROW INTO THAT 143 00:10:43,948 --> 00:10:47,885 THE ISSUE THAT MADE CONGRESSMEN WANT TO KILL EACH OTHER. 144 00:10:47,952 --> 00:10:51,705 IF YOU WANTED TO DESIGN THE WORST POSSIBLE CONDITIONS 145 00:10:51,772 --> 00:10:54,825 TO DRAMATIZE HOW BITTER THESE FIGHTS WERE, 146 00:10:54,892 --> 00:10:59,130 YOU COULDN'T DO BETTER THAN WHAT THEY DESIGNED FOR KANSAS. 147 00:10:59,196 --> 00:11:01,348 Narrator: ON ELECTION DAY, 148 00:11:01,414 --> 00:11:04,468 NEARLY 5,000 ARMED PROSLAVERY MEN, 149 00:11:04,535 --> 00:11:09,172 LED BY SENATOR DAVID ATCHISON, FLOODED IN FROM MISSOURI, 150 00:11:09,239 --> 00:11:13,994 TRYING TO INFLUENCE THE VOTE -- AND THE FATE OF KANSAS. 151 00:11:14,060 --> 00:11:18,465 THEY SEIZED POLLING PLACES, CAST FOUR TIMES AS MANY BALLOTS 152 00:11:18,532 --> 00:11:21,618 AS THERE WERE VOTERS IN THE TERRITORY, 153 00:11:21,686 --> 00:11:23,554 AND INSTALLED A LEGISLATURE 154 00:11:23,621 --> 00:11:26,674 THAT MADE IT A CRIME TO EVEN CRITICIZE SLAVERY. 155 00:11:29,893 --> 00:11:33,180 THEIR OPPONENTS, CALLED "FREE SOILERS," 156 00:11:33,246 --> 00:11:36,016 COUNTERED WITH THEIR OWN ELECTION. 157 00:11:36,083 --> 00:11:40,121 THEY DREW UP A CONSTITUTION THAT OUTLAWED SLAVERY -- 158 00:11:40,187 --> 00:11:43,474 THOUGH IT ALSO BARRED BLACK SETTLEMENT -- 159 00:11:43,540 --> 00:11:48,145 AND THEN APPLIED FOR ADMISSION TO THE UNION AS A FREE STATE. 160 00:11:48,212 --> 00:11:50,864 KANSAS NOW HAD TWO GOVERNMENTS -- 161 00:11:50,931 --> 00:11:55,502 AND ITS PEOPLE WERE ABOUT TO GO TO WAR WITH ONE ANOTHER. 162 00:11:55,568 --> 00:11:59,673 Man: BOTH SIDES WERE SUPPLIED FROM THE OUTSIDE. 163 00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:02,575 IT WAS ALMOST AS IF A CIVIL WAR WERE TAKING PLACE 164 00:12:02,642 --> 00:12:05,195 IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY, WITH THE SOUTH PROVIDING 165 00:12:05,262 --> 00:12:08,165 THE ARMS, THE MONEY, AND THE MEN ON ONE SIDE, 166 00:12:08,232 --> 00:12:09,667 AND THE NEW ENGLAND, 167 00:12:09,733 --> 00:12:12,602 IDEOLOGICALLY COMMITTED ABOLITIONISTS ON THE OTHER. 168 00:12:12,653 --> 00:12:17,824 Narrator: BY THE FALL OF 1855, THE REVEREND AND MRS. LOVEJOY 169 00:12:17,891 --> 00:12:23,279 WERE LIVING IN THE ANTISLAVERY STRONGHOLD OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 170 00:12:23,346 --> 00:12:28,986 JULIA BEGAN WRITING A STREAM OF LETTERS TO NEWSPAPERS BACK EAST. 171 00:12:29,052 --> 00:12:33,073 Lovejoy:THE GREATEST TROUBLE IN THIS PART OF THE TERRITORY NOW 172 00:12:33,139 --> 00:12:35,726 IS ABOUT OUR MISSOURIAN NEIGHBORS, 173 00:12:35,793 --> 00:12:38,261 WHOSE HEARTS ARE SET ON MISCHIEF. 174 00:12:38,328 --> 00:12:40,530 WE ARE APPREHENDING TROUBLE 175 00:12:40,597 --> 00:12:44,652 IF NOT "HARD FIGHTING" IN OUR QUIET COMMUNITY. 176 00:12:44,718 --> 00:12:48,822 Man:IMAGINE A MAN STANDING IN A PAIR OF LONG BOOTS, 177 00:12:48,889 --> 00:12:51,641 THE HANDLE OF A LARGE BOWIE KNIFE 178 00:12:51,708 --> 00:12:55,095 PROJECTING FROM ONE OR BOTH BOOT TOPS, 179 00:12:55,161 --> 00:12:58,582 A LEATHER BELT BUCKLED AROUND HIS WAIST, 180 00:12:58,649 --> 00:13:03,119 ON EACH SIDE OF WHICH IS FASTENED A LARGE REVOLVER. 181 00:13:03,170 --> 00:13:06,273 IMAGINE SUCH A PICTURE OF HUMANITY, 182 00:13:06,340 --> 00:13:11,395 WHO CAN SWEAR ANY GIVEN NUMBER OF OATHS IN ANY SPECIFIED TIME, 183 00:13:11,462 --> 00:13:15,999 DRINK ANY QUANTITY OF BAD WHISKEY WITHOUT GETTING DRUNK, 184 00:13:16,065 --> 00:13:19,937 AND BOAST OF HAVING STOLEN A HALF DOZEN HORSES 185 00:13:20,003 --> 00:13:23,490 AND KILLED ONE OR MORE ABOLITIONISTS, 186 00:13:23,556 --> 00:13:27,477 AND YOU WILL HAVE A PRETTY FAIR CONCEPTION 187 00:13:27,528 --> 00:13:30,080 OF A BORDER RUFFIAN, 188 00:13:30,146 --> 00:13:34,417 AS HE APPEARS IN MISSOURI AND IN KANSAS -- 189 00:13:34,484 --> 00:13:36,619 JOHN H. GIHON. 190 00:13:36,687 --> 00:13:39,406 Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF 1856, 191 00:13:39,473 --> 00:13:43,059 SOMEONE WOUNDED A PROSLAVERY SHERIFF, 192 00:13:43,126 --> 00:13:46,346 AND 800 ARMED MEN, BENT ON REVENGE, 193 00:13:46,413 --> 00:13:48,381 STORMED INTO LAWRENCE, 194 00:13:48,448 --> 00:13:52,336 GOT DRUNK, DESTROYED TWO NEWSPAPER OFFICES, 195 00:13:52,386 --> 00:13:57,458 BURNED DOWN THE HOTEL AND THE HOME OF THE FREE-SOIL GOVERNOR. 196 00:13:57,524 --> 00:13:59,026 [ GUNSHOT ] 197 00:13:59,093 --> 00:14:02,345 Lovejoy:I CAUGHT MY DARLING BABE FROM THE BED, 198 00:14:02,412 --> 00:14:04,013 MOANING AS HE WENT. 199 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:07,434 I RUSHED TO A PLACE OF SAFETY OUT OF TOWN 200 00:14:07,501 --> 00:14:11,171 AS FAST AS MY FEEBLE LIMBS COULD CARRY ME. 201 00:14:11,237 --> 00:14:15,909 THE SCENE THAT MET OUR GAZE BEGGARS DESCRIPTION -- 202 00:14:15,976 --> 00:14:20,030 WOMEN AND CHILDREN FLEEING ON EVERY HAND, 203 00:14:20,097 --> 00:14:25,368 CATTLE, AS THOUGH AWARE THAT DANGER WAS NEAR, 204 00:14:25,435 --> 00:14:27,571 HUDDLING TOGETHER. 205 00:14:27,637 --> 00:14:32,809 IT WILL NEVER FADE FROM MEMORY'S VISION. 206 00:14:36,597 --> 00:14:40,550 Narrator: WHEN MASSACHUSETTS SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER 207 00:14:40,617 --> 00:14:44,822 DENOUNCED WHAT HE CALLED THIS "CRIME AGAINST KANSAS," 208 00:14:44,888 --> 00:14:49,292 A SOUTH CAROLINA CONGRESSMAN STRODE ONTO THE SENATE FLOOR 209 00:14:49,359 --> 00:14:52,513 AND BEAT HIM SENSELESS WITH A CANE. 210 00:14:52,579 --> 00:14:55,949 THREE DAYS LATER, ON THE NIGHT OF MAY 24, 211 00:14:56,015 --> 00:15:00,020 A STRANGE, DRIVEN MAN CALLED FIVE UNARMED SETTLERS 212 00:15:00,087 --> 00:15:02,590 WHOM HE BELIEVED FAVORED SLAVERY 213 00:15:02,656 --> 00:15:06,309 OUT OF THEIR CABINS ON POTTAWATOMIE CREEK. 214 00:15:06,377 --> 00:15:09,012 WITH THE HELP OF HIS SONS, 215 00:15:09,079 --> 00:15:13,450 HE HACKED THEM TO DEATH WITH BROADSWORDS. 216 00:15:13,517 --> 00:15:18,939 IT WAS A "WAR TO THE DEATH BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL," 217 00:15:19,005 --> 00:15:20,907 JOHN BROWN SAID. 218 00:15:20,974 --> 00:15:24,294 "WE MUST FIGHT FIRE WITH FIRE." 219 00:15:24,361 --> 00:15:26,063 [ GUNSHOT ] 220 00:15:26,129 --> 00:15:31,751 DURING THE NEXT THREE MONTHS, SOME 200 MORE MEN WOULD DIE 221 00:15:31,819 --> 00:15:37,340 IN WHAT WOULD COME TO BE KNOWN AS "BLEEDING KANSAS." 222 00:15:37,407 --> 00:15:39,743 AUGUST 25, 1856. 223 00:15:39,809 --> 00:15:47,500 WE ARE IN THE MIDST OF WAR -- WAR OF THE MOST BLOODY KIND -- 224 00:15:47,567 --> 00:15:50,754 A WAR OF EXTERMINATION. 225 00:15:50,821 --> 00:15:55,526 FREEDOM AND SLAVERY ARE INTERLOCKED IN DEADLY EMBRACE, 226 00:15:55,592 --> 00:15:59,963 AND DEATH IS CERTAIN FOR ONE OR THE OTHER PARTY. 227 00:16:00,029 --> 00:16:03,150 A CRISIS IS JUST BEFORE US, 228 00:16:03,217 --> 00:16:07,888 AND ONLY GOD KNOWETH WHERE IT WILL END -- 229 00:16:07,954 --> 00:16:10,874 JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY. 230 00:16:23,236 --> 00:16:27,808 WE ARE GATHERED HERE TO BUILD UP THE KINGDOM OF GOD, 231 00:16:27,891 --> 00:16:31,845 TO MAKE THE WILDERNESS BLOSSOM AS THE ROSE 232 00:16:31,911 --> 00:16:34,964 AND FILL THESE MOUNTAINS WITH CITIES. 233 00:16:35,031 --> 00:16:37,684 MY SOUL FEELS HALLELUJAH, 234 00:16:37,751 --> 00:16:42,489 IT EXALTS IN GOD, THAT HE HAS PLANTED THIS PEOPLE 235 00:16:42,556 --> 00:16:47,027 IN A PLACE THAT IS NOT DESIRED BY THE WICKED -- 236 00:16:47,094 --> 00:16:48,812 BRIGHAM YOUNG. 237 00:16:51,448 --> 00:16:53,316 Narrator: IT HAD BEEN 10 YEARS 238 00:16:53,383 --> 00:16:56,503 SINCE BRIGHAM YOUNG LED HIS LATTER-DAY SAINTS WEST. 239 00:16:56,570 --> 00:16:58,672 AND WHILE THE REST OF THE COUNTRY 240 00:16:58,739 --> 00:17:01,207 WRESTLED WITH THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY, 241 00:17:01,274 --> 00:17:05,379 HE CONTINUED TO BUILD HIS MORMON KINGDOM IN THE DESERTS OF UTAH. 242 00:17:05,445 --> 00:17:09,232 SALT LAKE CITY, WITH NEARLY 10,000 RESIDENTS, 243 00:17:09,298 --> 00:17:13,536 WAS NOW THE SECOND-LARGEST CITY WEST OF MISSOURI -- 244 00:17:13,603 --> 00:17:16,156 ECLIPSED ONLY BY SAN FRANCISCO. 245 00:17:16,223 --> 00:17:19,726 NEW COLONIES STRETCHED FOR 300 MILES 246 00:17:19,810 --> 00:17:22,745 ALONG THE WASATCH MOUNTAINS. 247 00:17:22,812 --> 00:17:25,965 THE MORMONS PRINTED THEIR OWN CURRENCY, 248 00:17:26,032 --> 00:17:28,952 DROVE FEDERAL OFFICIALS OUT OF UTAH, 249 00:17:29,018 --> 00:17:31,654 AND PUBLICLY ANNOUNCED THAT POLYGAMY -- 250 00:17:31,705 --> 00:17:36,010 PLURAL MARRIAGE -- WAS PART OF CHURCH DOCTRINE. 251 00:17:36,076 --> 00:17:41,214 POLYGAMY WAS MOSTLY MEANT FOR IMPORTANT MORMON LEADERS. 252 00:17:41,281 --> 00:17:44,851 BRIGHAM YOUNG HIMSELF HAD 27 WIVES. 253 00:17:44,918 --> 00:17:49,856 YOUNG'S CHIEF LIEUTENANT, HEBER KIMBALL, HAD 43. 254 00:17:49,922 --> 00:17:53,793 MOST POLYGAMISTS HAD NO MORE THAN TWO WIVES. 255 00:17:53,877 --> 00:17:57,930 AND FOUR OUT OF FIVE MORMON MEN HAD JUST ONE. 256 00:17:57,997 --> 00:18:03,820 STILL, THE PRACTICE TURNED MANY AMERICANS AGAINST THEM. 257 00:18:03,887 --> 00:18:07,640 AS TO POLYGAMY, I CHARGE IT TO BE A CRYING EVIL, 258 00:18:07,707 --> 00:18:11,060 SAPPING NOT ONLY THE PHYSICAL CONSTITUTION 259 00:18:11,127 --> 00:18:14,915 OF THE PEOPLE PRACTICING IT, BUT AT THE SAME TIME 260 00:18:14,998 --> 00:18:19,536 PERVERTING THE SOCIAL VIRTUES AND MORALS OF ITS VICTIMS. 261 00:18:19,603 --> 00:18:21,772 IT IS A SCARLET WHORE. 262 00:18:21,838 --> 00:18:26,476 IT IS A REPROACH TO THE CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION, 263 00:18:26,543 --> 00:18:30,247 AND IT DESERVES TO BE BLOTTED OUT -- 264 00:18:30,313 --> 00:18:34,585 CONGRESSMAN JOHN A. McCLERNAND, ILLINOIS. 265 00:18:34,651 --> 00:18:37,871 Narrator: IN THE ELECTION OF 1856, 266 00:18:37,938 --> 00:18:42,342 THE BRAND-NEW REPUBLICAN PARTY RAN ON A PLATFORM 267 00:18:42,409 --> 00:18:47,864 OPPOSED TO WHAT THEY CALLED THE "TWIN RELICS OF BARBARISM" -- 268 00:18:47,931 --> 00:18:50,566 SLAVERY AND POLYGAMY. 269 00:18:50,633 --> 00:18:55,389 THE REPUBLICANS LOST, BUT THE ISSUES WOULD NOT GO AWAY. 270 00:18:55,455 --> 00:18:56,957 MR. PRESIDENT, 271 00:18:57,023 --> 00:19:00,076 I BELIEVE THAT WE CAN SUPERSEDE THE NEGRO-MANIA 272 00:19:00,143 --> 00:19:03,714 WITH THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL EXCITEMENT 273 00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:05,231 OF AN ANTIMORMON CRUSADE, 274 00:19:05,299 --> 00:19:09,669 AND THE PIPINGS OF ABOLITIONISM WILL HARDLY BE HEARD 275 00:19:09,736 --> 00:19:14,407 AMIDST THE THUNDERS OF THE STORM THAT WE SHALL RAISE -- 276 00:19:14,474 --> 00:19:16,210 ROBERT TYLER. 277 00:19:16,276 --> 00:19:20,279 Duncan: AND WHEN DEMOCRAT JAMES BUCHANAN WON THE ELECTION, 278 00:19:20,346 --> 00:19:22,616 TO SORT OF TAKE THE HEAT OFF 279 00:19:22,682 --> 00:19:24,751 OF THIS BUILDING TENSION OVER SLAVERY, 280 00:19:24,818 --> 00:19:26,853 HE DID A VERY REMARKABLE THING 281 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:30,507 THAT'S ONLY HAPPENED A FEW TIMES IN OUR HISTORY -- 282 00:19:30,573 --> 00:19:34,745 HE SENT AN ARMY OUT AGAINST CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES. 283 00:19:34,811 --> 00:19:38,298 Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF 1857, 284 00:19:38,365 --> 00:19:45,038 2,500 TROOPS HEADED TOWARD UTAH TO REASSERT FEDERAL CONTROL. 285 00:19:45,104 --> 00:19:49,343 AT THE SAME TIME, THE ARMY SLOWLY MADE ITS WAY WEST. 286 00:19:49,409 --> 00:19:50,794 A LONE WAGON TRAIN 287 00:19:50,861 --> 00:19:54,480 ENTERED THE SOUTHERN PART OF MORMON TERRITORY. 288 00:19:54,565 --> 00:19:56,583 THEY WERE SETTLERS MOSTLY, 289 00:19:56,649 --> 00:20:00,420 FAMILIES TRAVELING WITH SMALL CHILDREN, 290 00:20:00,487 --> 00:20:03,740 ON THEIR WAY TO CALIFORNIA AND A BETTER LIFE. 291 00:20:03,807 --> 00:20:06,209 BUT RIDING WITH THEM WERE A BAND OF MEN 292 00:20:06,275 --> 00:20:09,563 WHO CALLED THEMSELVES THE "MISSOURI WILDCATS," 293 00:20:09,629 --> 00:20:12,416 AND THEY WERE BENT ON CAUSING TROUBLE 294 00:20:12,482 --> 00:20:14,467 FOR THE LATTER-DAY SAINTS. 295 00:20:14,534 --> 00:20:17,019 THEY SWORE AND BOASTED OPENLY 296 00:20:17,086 --> 00:20:20,774 THAT BUCHANAN'S WHOLE ARMY WAS COMING RIGHT BEHIND THEM 297 00:20:20,841 --> 00:20:24,777 AND WOULD KILL "EVERY GODDAMN MORMON IN UTAH." 298 00:20:24,844 --> 00:20:26,429 THEY HAD TWO BULLS 299 00:20:26,496 --> 00:20:29,382 WHICH THEY CALLED ONE "HEBER" AND THE OTHER "BRIGHAM" 300 00:20:29,449 --> 00:20:32,068 AND WHIPPED 'EM THROUGH EVERY TOWN, 301 00:20:32,135 --> 00:20:35,788 YELLING AND SINGING AND BLASPHEMING OATHS 302 00:20:35,855 --> 00:20:38,157 THAT WOULD HAVE MADE YOUR HAIR STAND ON END -- 303 00:20:38,224 --> 00:20:39,442 JOHN D. LEE. 304 00:20:39,493 --> 00:20:41,995 Narrator: ON SEPTEMBER 7, 1857, 305 00:20:42,062 --> 00:20:47,684 THE WAGONS REACHED A GRASSY AREA CALLED "MOUNTAIN MEADOWS." 306 00:20:47,751 --> 00:20:50,537 THERE, SOME 200 PAIUTE WARRIORS, 307 00:20:50,603 --> 00:20:54,224 ENCOURAGED BY THE MORMONS, ATTACKED. 308 00:20:54,290 --> 00:20:56,759 [ INDIAN WAR CRIES, GUNSHOTS ] 309 00:20:56,826 --> 00:20:59,445 THE EMIGRANTS DROVE THEM BACK. 310 00:20:59,512 --> 00:21:02,766 THE INDIANS SETTLED IN FOR A SIEGE, 311 00:21:02,832 --> 00:21:06,486 THEN ASKED THE MORMONS TO JOIN THEM 312 00:21:06,553 --> 00:21:10,073 IN DESTROYING THE COMMON ENEMY. 313 00:21:10,140 --> 00:21:12,209 ELDERS SENT A MESSAGE TO SALT LAKE CITY, 314 00:21:12,275 --> 00:21:15,495 ASKING BRIGHAM YOUNG WHAT THEY SHOULD DO. 315 00:21:15,562 --> 00:21:20,500 YOUNG SENT A COURIER BACK WITH ORDERS TO LET THE WAGONS GO. 316 00:21:20,566 --> 00:21:25,488 BUT BEFORE THE MESSAGE ARRIVED, THE MORMONS AT MOUNTAIN MEADOWS 317 00:21:25,555 --> 00:21:29,359 RESOLVED TO WIPE OUT THE WAGON TRAIN 318 00:21:29,426 --> 00:21:31,077 AND BLAME IT ON THE PAIUTES. 319 00:21:31,144 --> 00:21:36,299 ONE OF THE MEN ORDERED TO LEAD THE FIGHTING WAS JOHN D. LEE, 320 00:21:36,366 --> 00:21:40,086 A MORMON SO LOYAL THAT BRIGHAM YOUNG HIMSELF 321 00:21:40,170 --> 00:21:44,057 HAD ADOPTED HIM AS A SPIRITUAL SON. 322 00:21:44,124 --> 00:21:47,794 LEE WAS USED TO FOLLOWING CHURCH ORDERS. 323 00:21:47,861 --> 00:21:51,481 HE WAS, AS HE SAID, "AS CLAY IN THE HANDS OF THE POTTER," 324 00:21:51,548 --> 00:21:56,152 WHEN IT CAME TO CARRYING OUT THE WISHES OF HIS ELDERS. 325 00:21:56,218 --> 00:22:01,157 BUT EVEN HE WAS STUNNED AT WHAT HE WAS NOW BEING ASKED TO DO. 326 00:22:01,224 --> 00:22:04,644 Lee:THE ORDERS SAID TO DECOY THE EMIGRANTS 327 00:22:04,711 --> 00:22:09,081 FROM THEIR POSITION, AND KILL ALL OF THEM THAT COULD TALK. 328 00:22:09,148 --> 00:22:10,850 THIS ORDER WAS IN WRITING. 329 00:22:10,916 --> 00:22:14,371 I READ IT, AND THEN DROPPED IT ON THE GROUND, 330 00:22:14,438 --> 00:22:16,539 SAYING, "I CANNOT DO THIS." 331 00:22:16,606 --> 00:22:20,025 I BOWED MYSELF IN PRAYER BEFORE GOD, 332 00:22:20,110 --> 00:22:24,130 AND MY TORTURED SOUL WAS WRUNG NEARLY FROM MY BODY 333 00:22:24,197 --> 00:22:26,166 BY THE GREAT SUFFERING. 334 00:22:26,232 --> 00:22:30,236 IF I HAD THEN HAD A THOUSAND WORLDS TO COMMAND, 335 00:22:30,303 --> 00:22:32,772 I WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM FREELY 336 00:22:32,838 --> 00:22:36,009 TO SAVE THAT COMPANY FROM DEATH. 337 00:22:36,076 --> 00:22:39,495 Narrator: BUT IN THE END, 338 00:22:39,546 --> 00:22:44,216 JOHN D. LEE DECIDED TO FOLLOW ORDERS. 339 00:22:44,283 --> 00:22:49,105 ON THE MORNING OF SEPTEMBER 11, HE RODE OUT 340 00:22:49,172 --> 00:22:53,376 TO THE BESIEGED WAGON TRAIN UNDER A FLAG OF TRUCE. 341 00:22:53,443 --> 00:22:57,931 Duncan: JOHN D. LEE AND SOME OTHERS CAME TO THEM 342 00:22:57,998 --> 00:23:01,066 AND SAID, "THROW DOWN YOUR ARMS, 343 00:23:01,151 --> 00:23:04,637 "WE'VE GOT THE INDIANS UNDER CONTROL. 344 00:23:04,704 --> 00:23:08,975 YOU COME OUT WITH US, AND YOU'LL BE SAFE." 345 00:23:09,042 --> 00:23:12,629 AND THEY WERE RELUCTANT TO DO IT, BUT THEY FINALLY DID. 346 00:23:12,695 --> 00:23:17,601 AND AS THEY MARCHED OUT, THE ORDER WAS GIVEN, "DO YOUR DUTY." 347 00:23:17,667 --> 00:23:18,485 [ GUNSHOT ] 348 00:23:18,551 --> 00:23:20,420 Narrator: THE MORMONS OPENED FIRE, 349 00:23:20,486 --> 00:23:23,940 EACH MAN ASSIGNED TO SHOOT THE EMIGRANT WALKING NEXT TO HIM. 350 00:23:24,007 --> 00:23:25,358 [ GUNSHOT ] 351 00:23:25,424 --> 00:23:27,827 LEE'S TASK WAS TO KILL THE SICK AND WOUNDED 352 00:23:27,894 --> 00:23:31,014 RIDING IN A WAGON IN FRONT OF THE OTHERS. 353 00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:33,083 [ GUNSHOTS ] 354 00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:36,118 THEN THE PAIUTES SWEPT IN AND FINISHED OFF THE REST. 355 00:23:36,185 --> 00:23:39,739 [ WAR CRIES, GUNSHOTS ] 356 00:23:42,141 --> 00:23:44,310 IN LESS THAN HALF AN HOUR, 357 00:23:44,377 --> 00:23:48,448 120 PEOPLE HAD BEEN BUTCHERED AT MOUNTAIN MEADOWS. 358 00:23:48,515 --> 00:23:50,934 ONLY 17 CHILDREN WERE SPARED, 359 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:55,405 THOUGHT TOO YOUNG EVER TO TELL THE HORRIBLE STORY. 360 00:23:57,723 --> 00:24:02,478 THE DEAD WERE STRIPPED OF THEIR CLOTHING AND BELONGINGS, 361 00:24:02,545 --> 00:24:05,131 WHICH THE MORMONS SOLD AT AUCTION. 362 00:24:05,198 --> 00:24:09,018 THEY WERE HASTILY BURIED IN SHALLOW GRAVES -- 363 00:24:09,085 --> 00:24:12,605 AND SOON DUG UP AGAIN BY WILD ANIMALS. 364 00:24:16,443 --> 00:24:20,029 Man: WELL, I'M A GREAT-GRANDSON OF JOHN D. LEE. 365 00:24:20,096 --> 00:24:21,731 MY MIDDLE NAME IS LEE. 366 00:24:21,797 --> 00:24:25,918 AND I HAVE STUDIED HIS LIFE AND HIS TRAGEDIES. 367 00:24:25,985 --> 00:24:27,804 I WILL ALWAYS BELIEVE 368 00:24:27,870 --> 00:24:30,907 THAT IT COULD ONLY HAVE HAPPENED AT THAT PARTICULAR MOMENT, 369 00:24:30,973 --> 00:24:33,960 THAT IF THIS WAGON TRAIN HAD COME THROUGH, 370 00:24:34,026 --> 00:24:38,564 AS THEY HAD BEFORE, TWO WEEKS EARLIER, TWO WEEKS LATER, 371 00:24:38,648 --> 00:24:42,302 THEY MIGHT HAVE GONE UNSCATHED, SO IT'S ALMOST A GREEK TRAGEDY. 372 00:24:42,385 --> 00:24:46,155 Narrator: TWO DAYS AFTER THE MASSACRE, 373 00:24:46,222 --> 00:24:47,657 BRIGHAM YOUNG'S MESSENGER 374 00:24:47,723 --> 00:24:50,827 FINALLY ARRIVED AT MOUNTAIN MEADOWS 375 00:24:50,894 --> 00:24:54,130 WITH THE ORDERS TO LET THE WAGON TRAIN PASS. 376 00:24:54,197 --> 00:24:58,301 JOHN D. LEE WAS CHOSEN TO RIDE TO SALT LAKE CITY 377 00:24:58,368 --> 00:25:02,222 AND TELL BRIGHAM YOUNG WHAT HAD HAPPENED. 378 00:25:02,289 --> 00:25:06,042 PRECISELY HOW MUCH THE MORMON LEADER WAS TOLD 379 00:25:06,109 --> 00:25:10,513 OF HIS PEOPLE'S ROLE IN THE SLAUGHTER IS UNCLEAR. 380 00:25:10,579 --> 00:25:14,150 PUBLICLY, YOUNG BLAMED IT ALL ON THE PAIUTES. 381 00:25:14,217 --> 00:25:20,590 MEANWHILE, WINTER HAD STOPPED BUCHANAN'S ARMY'S ADVANCE, 382 00:25:20,656 --> 00:25:25,828 AND THE "MORMON WAR" ENDED BEFORE IT REALLY BEGAN. 383 00:25:25,894 --> 00:25:27,580 IN A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT, 384 00:25:27,647 --> 00:25:30,783 THE PRESIDENT PARDONED YOUNG AND HIS FOLLOWERS 385 00:25:30,850 --> 00:25:32,785 FOR INCITING A REBELLION, 386 00:25:32,852 --> 00:25:35,922 AND YOUNG IN TURN RESIGNED AS GOVERNOR -- 387 00:25:35,988 --> 00:25:39,592 BUT HE REMAINED IN EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF HIS PEOPLE. 388 00:25:39,658 --> 00:25:44,030 THE ATTEMPT TO DIVERT THE NATION'S ATTENTION 389 00:25:44,096 --> 00:25:46,833 LAVERY HAD FAILED. THE ATTEMPT TO DIVERT THE NATION'S ATTENTION 390 00:25:51,504 --> 00:25:56,008 FOUR YEARS LATER, BRIGHAM YOUNG STOPPED AT MOUNTAIN MEADOWS. 391 00:25:56,076 --> 00:25:59,629 FEDERAL TROOPS, OUTRAGED AT THE MASSACRE, 392 00:25:59,695 --> 00:26:03,900 HAD ERECTED A MAKESHIFT MONUMENT TO THOSE WHO HAD BEEN MURDERED. 393 00:26:04,483 --> 00:26:05,968 ON IT WERE THE WORDS, 394 00:26:06,035 --> 00:26:10,807 "VENGEANCE IS MINE, SAITH THE LORD, AND I WILL REPAY." 395 00:26:10,874 --> 00:26:13,075 YOUNG GAZED AT IT FOR A TIME, 396 00:26:13,142 --> 00:26:16,946 THEN ORDERED THE MONUMENT TORN DOWN. 397 00:26:17,012 --> 00:26:20,533 "VENGEANCE IS MINE," HE MUTTERED, 398 00:26:20,599 --> 00:26:23,370 "AND I HAVE TAKEN A LITTLE." 399 00:26:31,861 --> 00:26:33,629 MEXICANS! 400 00:26:33,696 --> 00:26:36,199 IT WOULD APPEAR THAT JUSTICE HAD FLED FROM THIS WORLD, 401 00:26:36,266 --> 00:26:39,619 LEAVING YOU TO THE CAPRICE OF YOUR OPPRESSORS, 402 00:26:39,685 --> 00:26:43,423 WHO HAVE BECOME EACH DAY MORE FURIOUS TOWARD YOU. 403 00:26:43,489 --> 00:26:45,007 MY PART IS TAKEN, 404 00:26:45,074 --> 00:26:48,578 THE VOICE OF REVELATION WHISPERS 405 00:26:48,645 --> 00:26:53,549 THAT THE LORD WILL ENABLE ME, WITH POWERFUL ARM, 406 00:26:53,616 --> 00:26:57,386 TO FIGHT AGAINST OUR ENEMIES -- 407 00:26:57,453 --> 00:26:58,938 JUAN CORTINA. 408 00:27:02,124 --> 00:27:06,629 Narrator: THE TREATY THAT ENDED THE MEXICAN WAR IN 1848 409 00:27:06,696 --> 00:27:10,700 HAD PROMISED ALL THE BENEFITS OF UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP 410 00:27:10,767 --> 00:27:12,669 TO MEXICAN-AMERICANS. 411 00:27:12,735 --> 00:27:16,672 BUT AS CIVIL WAR NEARED, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PROVED 412 00:27:16,739 --> 00:27:19,742 UNABLE OR UNWILLING TO KEEP ITS PROMISES. 413 00:27:19,809 --> 00:27:22,995 IN CALIFORNIA, NEW MEXICO, AND TEXAS, 414 00:27:23,062 --> 00:27:26,666 MANY MEXICAN-AMERICANS WERE DENIED THE RIGHT TO VOTE, 415 00:27:26,732 --> 00:27:28,701 LOST THEIR LANDS IN COURT, 416 00:27:28,768 --> 00:27:31,703 AND OFTEN FOUND THEMSELVES PERSECUTED, 417 00:27:31,788 --> 00:27:35,542 RATHER THAN PROTECTED, BY OFFICERS OF THE LAW. 418 00:27:35,608 --> 00:27:40,363 ON JULY 13, 1859, A RANCHER NAMED JUAN CORTINA 419 00:27:40,429 --> 00:27:45,851 RODE INTO BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS, TO BUY SUPPLIES. 420 00:27:45,918 --> 00:27:48,805 HE WAS A MEMBER OF AN OLD, LANDED MEXICAN FAMILY 421 00:27:48,871 --> 00:27:52,058 THAT HAD SEEN ITS POWER AND INFLUENCE DECLINE 422 00:27:52,124 --> 00:27:55,011 WITH THE ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICANS. 423 00:27:55,077 --> 00:27:57,914 ON THE MAIN STREET, HE SAW THE CITY MARSHAL 424 00:27:57,980 --> 00:28:00,349 PISTOL-WHIPPING A MEXICAN LABORER 425 00:28:00,416 --> 00:28:03,269 WHO HAD ONCE WORKED FOR HIS FAMILY. 426 00:28:03,336 --> 00:28:05,855 WHEN THE SHERIFF REFUSED TO STOP, 427 00:28:05,922 --> 00:28:08,391 CORTINA SHOT HIM IN THE SHOULDER, 428 00:28:08,457 --> 00:28:11,710 SWEPT THE PRISONER ONTO THE BACK OF HIS HORSE, 429 00:28:11,778 --> 00:28:13,713 AND RODE OFF WITH HIM. 430 00:28:13,779 --> 00:28:19,251 A LITTLE OVER TWO MONTHS LATER, WITH SOME 75 ARMED FOLLOWERS, 431 00:28:19,318 --> 00:28:24,573 HE RODE INTO TOWN AGAIN, FREED 12 PRISONERS FROM JAIL, 432 00:28:24,640 --> 00:28:26,125 [ GUNSHOT ] 433 00:28:26,191 --> 00:28:26,976 SEIZED ARMS AND AMMUNITION, 434 00:28:27,043 --> 00:28:28,761 [ GUNSHOT ] 435 00:28:28,828 --> 00:28:31,747 AND SHOT DEAD THREE AMERICANS WHOM HE SAID HAD KILLED MEXICANS 436 00:28:31,814 --> 00:28:34,083 WHILE THE LAW LOOKED THE OTHER WAY. 437 00:28:34,150 --> 00:28:35,985 [ GUNSHOT ] 438 00:28:36,052 --> 00:28:41,024 THEN, CORTINA RETURNED TO HIS RANCH AND ISSUED A PROCLAMATION. 439 00:28:45,028 --> 00:28:45,978 Cortina: WHEN THE STATE OF TEXAS 440 00:28:46,045 --> 00:28:47,496 BECAME PART OF THE UNION, 441 00:28:47,563 --> 00:28:50,817 FLOCKS OF VAMPIRES, IN THE GUISE OF MEN, 442 00:28:50,884 --> 00:28:53,953 CAME WITH CORRUPT HEARTS AND THE MOST PERVERSE INTENTIONS. 443 00:28:54,020 --> 00:28:57,256 BECAUSE YOUR INDUSTRY EXCITED THEIR VILE AVARICE, 444 00:28:57,323 --> 00:29:01,894 MANY OF YOU MEXICANS HAVE BEEN ROBBED OF YOUR PROPERTY, 445 00:29:01,961 --> 00:29:07,717 INCARCERATED, MURDERED, AND HUNTED LIKE WILD BEASTS. 446 00:29:07,784 --> 00:29:12,255 MEXICANS! IS THERE NO REMEDY FOR YOU? 447 00:29:17,093 --> 00:29:20,412 Narrator: FOR SEVERAL MONTHS, DESPITE CONSTANT PURSUIT 448 00:29:20,479 --> 00:29:24,267 BY AMERICAN SETTLERS AND MEXICAN NATIONAL GUARDSMEN, 449 00:29:24,334 --> 00:29:28,337 CORTINA AND HIS MEN HELD ONTO THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY. 450 00:29:28,403 --> 00:29:32,058 SYMPATHETIC MEXICANS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER 451 00:29:32,125 --> 00:29:36,228 SECRETLY PROVIDED THEM WITH FOOD AND SUPPLIES. 452 00:29:36,295 --> 00:29:38,815 "OUR PERSONAL ENEMIES," CORTINA VOWED, 453 00:29:38,882 --> 00:29:41,450 "SHALL NOT POSSESS OUR LANDS 454 00:29:41,517 --> 00:29:45,071 UNTIL THEY HAVE FATTENED IT WITH THEIR GORE." 455 00:29:45,138 --> 00:29:50,460 FINALLY, THE STATE MILITIA, KNOWN AS THE TEXAS RANGERS, 456 00:29:50,526 --> 00:29:52,962 WAS SENT AGAINST HIM. 457 00:29:55,098 --> 00:29:57,433 Man: WELL, JUAN CORTINA, HE WAS THEIR HERO. 458 00:29:57,500 --> 00:30:01,336 TO THE INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE THE SMALL RANCHERS AND SO FORTH, 459 00:30:01,403 --> 00:30:03,706 HE WAS THE ONLY ONE THAT WAS ABLE TO STAND UP AND SAY, 460 00:30:03,773 --> 00:30:07,059 "YOU'RE TAKING OUR LAND AND NOW YOU TAKE AWAY OUR DIGNITY 461 00:30:07,126 --> 00:30:08,511 "AND NOW YOU MISTREAT US. 462 00:30:08,561 --> 00:30:10,996 YOU PUSH US AROUND. WE'VE HAD IT!" 463 00:30:11,063 --> 00:30:13,733 THE TEXAS RANGERS DIDN'T ALLOW ANYONE 464 00:30:13,799 --> 00:30:17,603 TO RISE UP AS THE CHAMPION OF THE PEOPLE. 465 00:30:17,670 --> 00:30:18,971 AND WHEN YOU TOOK ON THE LAW, 466 00:30:19,038 --> 00:30:21,691 YOU USUALLY GOT LYNCHED IN THAT BORDER REGION. 467 00:30:21,758 --> 00:30:24,693 AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY HAD INTENDED FOR HIM, 468 00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:26,962 JUST TO CATCH HIM AND LYNCH HIM AND -- 469 00:30:27,013 --> 00:30:30,767 AS SORT OF AN EXAMPLE OF HOW YOU DON'T DEFY THE NEW GOVERNMENT. 470 00:30:33,119 --> 00:30:37,039 Narrator: THE RANGERS -- NOW BACKED BY FEDERAL TROOPS -- 471 00:30:37,106 --> 00:30:40,059 PURSUED CORTINA'S MEN TO RIO GRANDE CITY 472 00:30:40,125 --> 00:30:41,960 AND CLOSED IN FOR THE KILL. 473 00:30:42,027 --> 00:30:43,479 [ GUNSHOT ] 474 00:30:43,546 --> 00:30:46,499 CORTINA WAS THE LAST TO LEAVE THE FIELD. 475 00:30:46,566 --> 00:30:50,219 HE FACED HIS PURSUERS, EMPTIED HIS REVOLVER, 476 00:30:50,270 --> 00:30:53,889 AND TRIED TO HALT HIS PANIC-STRICKEN MEN. 477 00:30:53,956 --> 00:30:56,626 ONE SHOT STRUCK THE CANTLE OF HIS SADDLE, 478 00:30:56,692 --> 00:30:59,445 ONE CUT A LOCK OF HAIR FROM HIS HEAD, 479 00:30:59,512 --> 00:31:01,881 A THIRD CUT HIS BRIDLE REIN, 480 00:31:01,948 --> 00:31:05,334 A FOURTH PASSED THROUGH HIS HORSE'S EAR, 481 00:31:05,401 --> 00:31:11,691 AND A FIFTH STRUCK HIS BELT, BUT HE GALLOPED OFF UNHURT -- 482 00:31:11,757 --> 00:31:14,159 COLONEL J. S. FORD. 483 00:31:14,226 --> 00:31:18,363 Narrator: CORTINA FLED ACROSS THE RIO GRANDE. 484 00:31:18,431 --> 00:31:21,400 FOR ANOTHER 15 YEARS, HE AND OTHERS 485 00:31:21,467 --> 00:31:25,488 CONTINUED TO LAUNCH RAIDS ON AMERICAN SETTLERS 486 00:31:25,555 --> 00:31:27,973 AND STEAL TEXAS CATTLE. 487 00:31:28,040 --> 00:31:34,997 THE BORDER REGION REMAINED A "NO MAN'S LAND." 488 00:31:39,885 --> 00:31:41,170 AS HIS LEGEND GREW, 489 00:31:41,237 --> 00:31:45,774 ANGLOS DENOUNCED CORTINA AS A MURDEROUS REBEL, 490 00:31:45,841 --> 00:31:48,143 BUT TO MEXICAN-AMERICANS 491 00:31:48,194 --> 00:31:52,481 HE WAS THE ROBIN HOOD OF THE RIO GRANDE. 492 00:31:52,531 --> 00:31:55,534 Romo: MY GRANDFATHER TALKED ABOUT HIM, 493 00:31:55,601 --> 00:31:59,038 AND MY UNCLE CLAIMS HIM AS A RELATIVE, 494 00:31:59,105 --> 00:32:02,174 AND I WAS SORT OF STRUCK BY THAT. 495 00:32:02,258 --> 00:32:06,045 TO EVERY FAMILY HE WAS PART OF US IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER. 496 00:32:06,111 --> 00:32:09,832 HIS LEGEND IS PASSED ON. HIS LIFE LIVES ON. 497 00:32:27,099 --> 00:32:31,236 OUR NEW ENGLAND FRIENDS MAY WONDER THAT THE WARLIKE SPIRIT 498 00:32:31,303 --> 00:32:35,974 HAS TAKEN SUCH HOLD UPON THOSE WHO, UNTIL THEY CAME TO KANSAS, 499 00:32:36,041 --> 00:32:39,996 WERE AS COMPLETE PACIFISTS AS THE MOST ORTHODOX QUAKER. 500 00:32:40,062 --> 00:32:45,551 BUT SIR, SUCH INDIVIDUALS ONLY NEED A LITTLE KANSAS EXPERIENCE 501 00:32:45,618 --> 00:32:48,603 TO UNDERSTAND THE MATTER -- 502 00:32:48,670 --> 00:32:52,025 JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY. 503 00:32:57,029 --> 00:32:59,782 Narrator: ON OCTOBER 16, 1859, 504 00:32:59,849 --> 00:33:03,903 JOHN BROWN BROUGHT HIS KANSAS BRAND OF ABOLITIONISM EAST 505 00:33:03,986 --> 00:33:05,738 TO HARPERS FERRY, VIRGINIA, 506 00:33:05,804 --> 00:33:08,924 WHERE HE TRIED TO START A SLAVE REBELLION. 507 00:33:08,991 --> 00:33:10,476 [ GUNSHOTS ] 508 00:33:10,543 --> 00:33:13,112 TEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED. 509 00:33:13,179 --> 00:33:18,233 BROWN WAS CAPTURED, TRIED, AND SENTENCED TO HANG. 510 00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:20,803 AS HE WAS LED TO THE GALLOWS, 511 00:33:20,870 --> 00:33:23,005 HE HANDED A GUARD A SLIP OF PAPER. 512 00:33:23,071 --> 00:33:25,658 "I AM NOW QUITE CERTAIN," IT READ, 513 00:33:25,725 --> 00:33:28,427 "THAT THE CRIMES OF THIS GUILTY LAND 514 00:33:28,493 --> 00:33:31,781 WILL NEVER BE PURGED AWAY BUT BY BLOOD." 515 00:33:31,847 --> 00:33:36,735 THE WHOLE COUNTRY WAS NOW BEGINNING TO EXPERIENCE THE FEAR 516 00:33:36,802 --> 00:33:40,723 THAT HAD GRIPPED KANSAS FOR SO LONG. 517 00:33:40,790 --> 00:33:43,192 IN 1860, THE REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE, 518 00:33:43,259 --> 00:33:46,478 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT, 519 00:33:46,545 --> 00:33:51,834 PLEDGED TO HALT SLAVERY'S FURTHER SPREAD IN THE WEST. 520 00:33:51,901 --> 00:33:53,185 [ CANNON SHOTS ] 521 00:33:53,252 --> 00:33:56,805 ONE BY ONE, THE SOUTHERN SLAVE STATES LEFT THE UNION. 522 00:33:56,873 --> 00:34:02,361 AND ON APRIL 12, 1861, REBEL GUNS FIRED ON FORT SUMTER. 523 00:34:02,428 --> 00:34:03,929 [ GUNSHOTS ] 524 00:34:03,996 --> 00:34:09,768 THE CIVIL WAR THAT HAD ALREADY BEGUN IN THE WEST 525 00:34:09,835 --> 00:34:12,204 NOW EXPLODED IN THE EAST. 526 00:34:12,271 --> 00:34:14,473 [ GUNSHOT ] 527 00:34:14,540 --> 00:34:20,813 Man:JULY 15, 1861. WASH DAY IN CAMP. 528 00:34:20,879 --> 00:34:23,849 WE WENT TO DEMPSEY'S RANCH AFTER TWO COWS 529 00:34:23,916 --> 00:34:26,852 AND BORROWED A SMALL FRAGMENT OF A NEWSPAPER 530 00:34:26,919 --> 00:34:29,088 THAT TOLMAN AND JACKSON BROUGHT FROM FORT OWEN 531 00:34:29,154 --> 00:34:30,189 ON THEBITTERROOT. 532 00:34:30,255 --> 00:34:33,292 BAD NEWS FROM THE STATES -- 533 00:34:33,359 --> 00:34:38,581 THE NORTH AND SOUTH ARE FIGHTING. 534 00:34:38,648 --> 00:34:41,667 Narrator: I REGIMENTS OF UNION VOLUNTEERS 535 00:34:41,733 --> 00:34:45,671 WERE RECRUITED TO PROTECT THE RICH MINING DISTRICTS 536 00:34:45,738 --> 00:34:47,456 FROM THE CONFEDERATES. 537 00:34:50,842 --> 00:34:54,729 ONE OF THE FIRST TO STEP FORWARD WAS A BIG, BEARISH, 538 00:34:54,796 --> 00:34:57,983 METHODIST MINISTER NAMED JOHN M. CHIVINGTON. 539 00:34:58,067 --> 00:35:01,586 HE WAS 6 1/2 FEET TALL, WEIGHED 250 POUNDS, 540 00:35:01,653 --> 00:35:03,855 AND SOMETIMES DELIVERED SERMONS 541 00:35:03,922 --> 00:35:07,043 WITH A REVOLVER RESTING ON THE PULPIT. 542 00:35:07,109 --> 00:35:10,929 CHIVINGTON, ONE ACQUAINTANCE IN DENVER SAID, 543 00:35:10,996 --> 00:35:16,018 IS "A CRAZY PREACHER WHO THINKS HE IS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE." 544 00:35:16,084 --> 00:35:21,073 OFFERED A CHAPLAIN'S COMMISSION, CHIVINGTON REFUSED. 545 00:35:21,140 --> 00:35:24,794 HE WANTED TO FIGHT FOR THE UNION, HE SAID, 546 00:35:24,860 --> 00:35:27,263 NOT JUST PRAY FOR IT. 547 00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:34,386 MEANWHILE, IN JANUARY OF 1862, 548 00:35:34,453 --> 00:35:37,940 A CONFIDENT REBEL ARMY OF 3,500 SOLDIERS 549 00:35:38,007 --> 00:35:42,044 HAD MARCHED WEST OUT OF TEXAS INTO NEW MEXICO, 550 00:35:42,110 --> 00:35:47,216 WHERE IT DEFEATED UNION FORCES AT VALVERDE, SEIZED ALBUQUERQUE, 551 00:35:47,282 --> 00:35:51,737 PLUNDERED SANTA FE, AND MOVED NORTH TOWARD COLORADO. 552 00:35:51,804 --> 00:35:54,056 THEIR PLAN WAS TO CAPTURE DENVER 553 00:35:54,123 --> 00:35:56,726 AND THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOLD FIELDS, 554 00:35:56,792 --> 00:35:59,979 THEN SWEEP ALL THE WAY WEST TO TAKE CALIFORNIA 555 00:36:00,045 --> 00:36:03,132 AND ITS MOTHER LODE OF MINERAL WEALTH. 556 00:36:03,198 --> 00:36:05,168 THEIR MOTTO WAS "ON TO SAN FRANCISCO," 557 00:36:05,234 --> 00:36:06,285 BUT THEY HADN'T COUNTED ON CHIVINGTON. 558 00:36:06,352 --> 00:36:07,469 Man: HERE'S THIS ARMY OF TEXANS 559 00:36:07,536 --> 00:36:08,687 THINKING THEY CAN LIVE OFF THE LAND. 560 00:36:08,754 --> 00:36:19,232 THEN THEY MOVE THROUGH NEW MEXICO TERRITORY 561 00:36:19,298 --> 00:36:21,533 WINNING THEIR BATTLES, 562 00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:24,169 AND THEY GET UP THERE TO NORTHERN NEW MEXICO 563 00:36:24,236 --> 00:36:25,621 AND THEY HAVE NO IDEA 564 00:36:25,688 --> 00:36:28,707 THAT THERE'S ANOTHER ARMY COMING AT THEM. 565 00:36:28,774 --> 00:36:31,827 Narrator: CHIVINGTON WAS NOW A MAJOR 566 00:36:31,894 --> 00:36:34,980 WITH THE FIRST COLORADO VOLUNTEERS -- 567 00:36:35,047 --> 00:36:38,434 HARD-DRINKING MINERS, EAGER FOR A FIGHT. 568 00:36:38,501 --> 00:36:43,221 THEY HAD MARCHED 40 MILES A DAY THROUGH ICE AND SNOW 569 00:36:43,288 --> 00:36:47,709 AND FREEZING WINDS TO STOP THE TEXANS. 570 00:36:47,776 --> 00:36:50,896 THEY MET IN A PLACE CALLED "APACHE CANYON." 571 00:36:50,963 --> 00:36:56,185 CHIVINGTON SENT SOME OF HIS MEN SCURRYING UP THE CANYON SIDES. 572 00:36:56,252 --> 00:37:00,256 "THEY WERE UP ON THE WALLS ON BOTH SIDES OF US," 573 00:37:00,322 --> 00:37:05,278 ONE CONFEDERATE REMEMBERED, "SHOOTING US DOWN LIKE SHEEP." 574 00:37:05,344 --> 00:37:08,347 THEN CHIVINGTON HIMSELF LED THE CHARGE. 575 00:37:08,413 --> 00:37:11,967 MAJOR CHIVINGTON, WITH A PISTOL IN EACH HAND, 576 00:37:12,034 --> 00:37:17,022 CHAWED HIS LIPS WITH ONLY LESS ENERGY THAN HE GAVE HIS ORDERS. 577 00:37:17,088 --> 00:37:21,193 OF COMMANDING PRESENCE, DRESSED IN FULL REGIMENTALS, 578 00:37:21,260 --> 00:37:25,798 HE WAS A CONSPICUOUS MARK FOR THE TEXAN SHARPSHOOTERS. 579 00:37:25,864 --> 00:37:29,418 BUT AS IF POSSESSED OF A CHARMED LIFE, 580 00:37:29,485 --> 00:37:33,922 HE GALLOPED UNHURT THROUGH THE STORM OF BULLETS -- 581 00:37:33,973 --> 00:37:36,191 OVANDO J. HOLLISTER. 582 00:37:36,258 --> 00:37:38,794 Narrator: THE REBELS FELL BACK. 583 00:37:38,844 --> 00:37:43,448 THE TWO ARMIES MET TWO DAYS LATER AT GLORIETA PASS, 584 00:37:43,515 --> 00:37:45,684 AND FOR FIVE BLOODY HOURS, 585 00:37:45,751 --> 00:37:51,106 THEY SLAMMED AWAY AT EACH OTHER AMIDST THE BOULDERS. 586 00:37:51,173 --> 00:37:55,644 BUT WHILE THE BATTLE RAGED ON, CHIVINGTON AND SOME OF HIS MEN 587 00:37:55,711 --> 00:37:59,864 SLIPPED 16 MILES BEHIND THE CONFEDERATE LINES, 588 00:37:59,949 --> 00:38:03,902 TO A CLIFF THAT OVERLOOKED THE TEXANS' SUPPLY WAGONS. 589 00:38:03,969 --> 00:38:09,675 THERE, THEY LOWERED THEMSELVES BY ROPES, DROVE OFF THE GUARDS, 590 00:38:09,741 --> 00:38:12,929 BURNED 85 WAGONS FILLED WITH PROVISIONS, 591 00:38:12,995 --> 00:38:16,182 AND BAYONETED 500 HORSES AND MULES. 592 00:38:16,248 --> 00:38:20,552 THE CONFEDERATES, WHO HAD SEEMED SO CLOSE TO VICTORY, 593 00:38:20,619 --> 00:38:25,657 NOW FACED STARVATION AND THIRST, AS WELL AS A HOSTILE ENEMY. 594 00:38:25,724 --> 00:38:30,095 Josephy: AND THEY HAD TO TURN AROUND AND RETREAT, 595 00:38:30,162 --> 00:38:32,130 GET OUT OF THERE. 596 00:38:32,197 --> 00:38:33,632 AND THEY PANICKED. 597 00:38:33,698 --> 00:38:35,484 THERE THEY WERE, 598 00:38:35,551 --> 00:38:39,821 HUNDREDS OF MILES FROM THEIR BASE IN SAN ANTONIO IN TEXAS. 599 00:38:39,888 --> 00:38:41,640 NOTHING BUT DESERTS AND MOUNTAINS 600 00:38:41,706 --> 00:38:43,592 BETWEEN THEM AND THEIR HOMES. 601 00:38:43,642 --> 00:38:48,747 Narrator: COLUMNS GOT LOST. BOOTS WORE OUT. 602 00:38:48,814 --> 00:38:53,869 MEN HAD TO STAGGER THROUGH SEARING SAND IN BARE FEET. 603 00:38:53,936 --> 00:38:57,339 SOLDIERS ABANDONED THEIR WEAPONS, 604 00:38:57,406 --> 00:39:02,728 COLLAPSED FROM EXHAUSTION, DEHYDRATION, SUNSTROKE. 605 00:39:02,794 --> 00:39:10,085 3,500 MEN HAD MARCHED OUT OF TEXAS TO CONQUER THE SOUTHWEST. 606 00:39:10,152 --> 00:39:13,472 1,500 OF THEM NEVER RETURNED. 607 00:39:15,607 --> 00:39:18,877 AM OF A CONFEDERATE WEST WAS DEAD. E 608 00:39:18,944 --> 00:39:24,917 GLORIETA PASS WOULD BECOME KNOWN AS "THE GETTYSBURG OF THE WEST." 609 00:39:24,984 --> 00:39:29,354 AND JOHN CHIVINGTON, THE "FIGHTING PARSON," 610 00:39:29,421 --> 00:39:30,672 WAS A UNION HERO. 611 00:39:33,191 --> 00:39:36,578 BALDWIN CITY, KANSAS, OCTOBER 8, 1862. 612 00:39:36,629 --> 00:39:40,716 OUR CAMP MEETING IN THIS PLACE WAS A GLORIOUS SUCCESS. 613 00:39:40,782 --> 00:39:44,486 REVEREND CHIVINGTON, WHO WITH HIS COMMAND 614 00:39:44,553 --> 00:39:48,790 HAS ACCOMPLISHED SUCH WONDERS OF LATE IN NEW MEXICO, 615 00:39:48,857 --> 00:39:53,862 WAS PRESENT AND PREACHED FROM THE STAND IN HIS REGIMENTALS. 616 00:39:53,929 --> 00:39:56,064 HIS PERSUASIVE ELOQUENCE 617 00:39:56,131 --> 00:40:01,120 AND CLEAR, RINGING, STENTORIAN VOICE SWAYED THE MULTITUDE 618 00:40:01,186 --> 00:40:06,208 LIKE A WESTERN TORNADO, AS IT BENDS ITS MASSIVE OAKS. 619 00:40:06,274 --> 00:40:11,363 THE WORK OF GOD IS STILL GOING ON -- 620 00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:14,765 JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY. 621 00:40:19,688 --> 00:40:22,824 Duncan: THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REALLY DIDN'T HAVE 622 00:40:22,891 --> 00:40:25,394 MUCH OF A GRASP AND CONTROL OF THE WEST 623 00:40:25,460 --> 00:40:26,962 BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR. 624 00:40:27,029 --> 00:40:28,347 BUT ONCE THE WAR STARTED, 625 00:40:28,413 --> 00:40:31,267 THEY WERE CONCENTRATING ON ALL THOSE BATTLES IN THE EAST, 626 00:40:31,333 --> 00:40:34,302 AND WHATEVER CONTROL THEY HAD, THEY LOST IT ENTIRELY. 627 00:40:34,353 --> 00:40:39,057 Man: THE CIVIL WAR DOES CREATE MORE OF A VACUUM IN THE WEST. 628 00:40:39,123 --> 00:40:43,328 AND THE RESULT IS IS THERE'S GOING TO BE FAR MORE VIOLENCE. 629 00:40:43,395 --> 00:40:45,430 IT'S GOING TO BE FAR HARDER TO MEDIATE THINGS. 630 00:40:45,497 --> 00:40:48,367 THINGS ARE GOING TO BE MUCH MORE OUT OF CONTROL IN THE 1860s 631 00:40:48,450 --> 00:40:51,453 THAN THEY EVER WOULD HAVE BEEN OTHERWISE. 632 00:40:59,594 --> 00:41:01,931 Narrator: BY THE SUMMER OF 1863, 633 00:41:01,997 --> 00:41:05,935 TO BE WINNING Narrator:THE CIVIL WAR. OF 1863, 634 00:41:06,001 --> 00:41:08,837 ROBERT E. LEE'S ADVANCE INTO PENNSYLVANIA 635 00:41:08,903 --> 00:41:10,939 HAD BEEN STOPPED AT GETTYSBURG, 636 00:41:11,006 --> 00:41:15,277 AND ULYSSES S. GRANT HAD SPLIT THE CONFEDERACY IN TWO 637 00:41:15,344 --> 00:41:19,448 BY TAKING THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TOWN OF VICKSBURG. 638 00:41:19,515 --> 00:41:22,434 YET FOR ALL THE FIGHTING BACK EAST, 639 00:41:22,501 --> 00:41:25,821 THERE HAD BEEN FEW CIVILIAN CASUALTIES. 640 00:41:25,887 --> 00:41:30,292 IN THE WEST, IT WAS A VERY DIFFERENT WAR. 641 00:41:33,478 --> 00:41:36,932 GUERRILLA PARTIES ARE MAKING DREADFUL SLAUGHTER 642 00:41:36,999 --> 00:41:39,301 UPON THE UNION MEN IN MISSOURI 643 00:41:39,368 --> 00:41:42,721 AND STEALING AND DESTROYING THEIR PROPERTY. 644 00:41:45,741 --> 00:41:49,561 THE ENTIRE ROUTE ACROSS THE STATE 645 00:41:49,628 --> 00:41:53,966 BEARS THE MARKS OF THE RAVAGES OF WAR. 646 00:41:54,032 --> 00:41:57,152 ANARCHY REIGNS IN MISSOURI -- 647 00:41:57,219 --> 00:41:59,654 JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY. 648 00:41:59,721 --> 00:42:02,724 Narrator: IN KANSAS AND MISSOURI, 649 00:42:02,774 --> 00:42:06,428 BOTH SIDES WAGED RELENTLESS GUERRILLA WARFARE 650 00:42:06,495 --> 00:42:10,565 ON INNOCENT CIVILIANS, AS WELL AS RIVAL ARMIES. 651 00:42:10,632 --> 00:42:14,903 UNION FORCES WERE LED BY JAMES H. LANE, 652 00:42:14,970 --> 00:42:17,739 A CADAVEROUS FORMER SENATOR FROM KANSAS, 653 00:42:17,806 --> 00:42:21,510 WHO WANTED TO SEE PROSLAVERY MISSOURIANS 654 00:42:21,577 --> 00:42:23,695 CAST INTO A BURNING HELL. 655 00:42:23,762 --> 00:42:26,064 HE DID HIS BEST TO DO JUST THAT, 656 00:42:26,131 --> 00:42:29,551 HAUNTING THE TRAIL OF REBEL ARMIES, 657 00:42:29,618 --> 00:42:34,272 RAVAGING THE HOMES OF ANYONE WHO DARED HELP THEM, 658 00:42:34,339 --> 00:42:37,693 THEN SACKING AND BURNING WHOLE TOWNS. 659 00:42:37,759 --> 00:42:40,946 CONFEDERATE GUERRILLAS RESPONDED IN KIND. 660 00:42:41,012 --> 00:42:45,184 THEIR MOST CELEBRATED LEADER WAS A FORMER SCHOOLTEACHER FROM OHIO 661 00:42:45,250 --> 00:42:48,987 WITH LIMITLESS ENTHUSIASM FOR LOOTING AND KILLING, 662 00:42:49,053 --> 00:42:50,989 NAMED WILLIAM QUANTRILL. 663 00:42:51,056 --> 00:42:56,778 UNION FARMERS, HE WARNED, SHOULD NOT BOTHER TO PLANT CROPS. 664 00:42:56,845 --> 00:43:00,531 THEY WOULD NOT LIVE TO HARVEST THEM. 665 00:43:00,616 --> 00:43:05,887 AND HE SWORE HE WOULD BURN JIM LANE AT THE STAKE. 666 00:43:05,953 --> 00:43:08,157 AND OF COURSE, IF YOU'RE A GUERRILLA FIGHTER 667 00:43:08,223 --> 00:43:10,592 AND YOU FIGHT UNDER THE FLAG OF THE CONFEDERACY, 668 00:43:10,659 --> 00:43:12,261 THEY IMPART TO YOU LEGITIMACY. 669 00:43:12,327 --> 00:43:15,814 FROM THE UNION POINT OF VIEW, THESE WERE SHEER CRIMINALS. 670 00:43:18,633 --> 00:43:21,036 Narrator: ONE OF QUANTRILL'S RAIDERS 671 00:43:21,102 --> 00:43:24,623 WAS AN ACCUSED HORSE THIEF KNOWN AS "BLOODY BILL" ANDERSON. 672 00:43:24,689 --> 00:43:27,842 HE WORE A NECKLACE OF YANKEE SCALPS INTO BATTLE, 673 00:43:27,909 --> 00:43:30,996 LAUGHED AS UNARMED PRISONERS WERE GUNNED DOWN, 674 00:43:31,063 --> 00:43:34,583 THEN ORDERED HIS MEN TO MUTILATE THEIR CORPSES. 675 00:43:34,572 --> 00:43:36,117 "I WILL KILL YOU," 676 00:43:36,184 --> 00:43:40,756 HE WROTE TO THE READERS OF ONE ANTISLAVERY NEWSPAPER. 677 00:43:40,823 --> 00:43:45,093 "I WILL HUNT YOU DOWN LIKE WOLVES AND MURDER YOU." 678 00:43:52,767 --> 00:43:56,405 ON THE MORNING OF AUGUST 21, 1863, 679 00:43:56,471 --> 00:44:01,310 QUANTRILL, ANDERSON, AND 450 MEN RODE TOWARDS 680 00:44:01,377 --> 00:44:06,014 THE ANTISLAVERY STRONGHOLD OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS -- 681 00:44:06,080 --> 00:44:08,083 HOME OF JIM LANE. 682 00:44:08,149 --> 00:44:11,469 WITH HER HUSBAND SERVING IN THE UNION ARMY, 683 00:44:11,537 --> 00:44:14,856 JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY AND HER CHILDREN 684 00:44:14,923 --> 00:44:18,176 NOW LIVED IN A LITTLE HOUSE JUST OUTSIDE OF TOWN. 685 00:44:18,243 --> 00:44:19,662 [ GUNSHOT ] 686 00:44:19,728 --> 00:44:23,731 Lovejoy:AT AN EARLY HOUR FRIDAY MORNING, I RUSHED OUT, 687 00:44:23,798 --> 00:44:28,470 AND I COULD THEN SEE EVERY HOUSE THIS SIDE OF LAWRENCE 688 00:44:28,537 --> 00:44:31,656 WITH A VOLUME OF DENSE SMOKE ARISING FROM THEM 689 00:44:31,723 --> 00:44:33,525 AS THEY ADVANCED, 690 00:44:33,591 --> 00:44:37,278 FIRING EVERY HOUSE IN THEIR MARCH OF DEATH. 691 00:44:37,345 --> 00:44:38,630 [ GUNSHOT ] 692 00:44:38,697 --> 00:44:41,717 Narrator: THE RAIDERS SURROUNDED A DOWNTOWN HOTEL. 693 00:44:41,783 --> 00:44:44,603 A GUEST HUNG A WHITE SHEET FROM THE WINDOW 694 00:44:44,670 --> 00:44:47,472 AND ASKED QUANTRILL WHAT HE WANTED. 695 00:44:47,538 --> 00:44:49,273 "PLUNDER!" HE ANSWERED. 696 00:44:49,340 --> 00:44:52,594 THE GUESTS WERE ORDERED OUT AND ROBBED. 697 00:44:52,661 --> 00:44:54,630 THE HOTEL WAS SET AFIRE. 698 00:44:54,696 --> 00:44:59,468 QUANTRILL, WAVING TWO OF THE SIX PISTOLS HE CARRIED, 699 00:44:59,534 --> 00:45:03,337 ROSE IN HIS STIRRUPS AND SHOUTED, "KILL! KILL! 700 00:45:03,404 --> 00:45:05,573 "LAWRENCE MUST BE CLEANSED, 701 00:45:05,640 --> 00:45:08,860 AND THE ONLY WAY TO CLEANSE IT IS TO KILL!" 702 00:45:08,927 --> 00:45:12,514 THEN, WHILE QUANTRILL DEMANDED THAT THE TERRIFIED STAFF 703 00:45:12,581 --> 00:45:15,834 OF ANOTHER HOTEL COOK HIM A BIG BREAKFAST, 704 00:45:15,901 --> 00:45:20,672 ANDERSON AND HIS MEN BEGAN TO CARRY OUT QUANTRILL'S ORDERS. 705 00:45:20,739 --> 00:45:23,342 [ GUNSHOTS ] 706 00:45:25,411 --> 00:45:28,664 Lovejoy: ALL THE BUSINESS HOUSES, 707 00:45:28,730 --> 00:45:33,018 BANKS, STORES IN THE CITY WERE ROBBED AND BURNED SAVE ONE, 708 00:45:33,084 --> 00:45:36,320 AND MOST OF THE BUSINESSMEN KILLED. 709 00:45:36,388 --> 00:45:40,808 MRS. REED PUT OUT THE FIRE SIX TIMES TO SAVE HER HOUSE, 710 00:45:40,875 --> 00:45:43,177 AND THEY WOULD FIRE IT ANEW, 711 00:45:43,244 --> 00:45:47,532 BUT SHE, BY ALMOST SUPERHUMAN EXERTIONS, SAVED IT. 712 00:45:47,599 --> 00:45:51,419 ONE LADY THREW HER ARMS AROUND HER HUSBAND 713 00:45:51,486 --> 00:45:55,006 AND BEGGED OF THEM TO SPARE HIS LIFE. 714 00:45:55,073 --> 00:45:58,176 THEY RESTED THE PISTOL ON HER ARM 715 00:45:58,243 --> 00:46:02,647 AS IT WAS AROUND HIS BODY, AND SHOT HIM DEAD, 716 00:46:02,714 --> 00:46:04,649 AND THE FIRE FROM THE PISTOL 717 00:46:04,716 --> 00:46:08,119 BU OF HER DRESS. 718 00:46:11,189 --> 00:46:15,360 Narrator: 183 MEN AND BOYS WERE KILLED -- 719 00:46:15,426 --> 00:46:18,630 FEWER THAN 20 HAD BEEN SOLDIERS -- 720 00:46:18,696 --> 00:46:21,866 AND 185 HOMES WERE BURNED 721 00:46:21,933 --> 00:46:26,805 BEFORE QUANTRILL AND HIS MEN RODE OUT OF LAWRENCE, 722 00:46:26,872 --> 00:46:31,676 LEAVING BEHIND 80 WIDOWS, 250 FATHERLESS CHILDREN. 723 00:46:31,743 --> 00:46:35,413 JIM LANE, THE PRINCIPAL TARGET OF THE RAID, 724 00:46:35,480 --> 00:46:39,351 HAD MANAGED TO ESCAPE THROUGH A CORNFIELD IN HIS NIGHTSHIRT. 725 00:46:41,820 --> 00:46:45,323 Lovejoy:THE FIRES WERE STILL GLOWING IN THE CELLARS. 726 00:46:45,390 --> 00:46:47,959 HERE AND THERE AMONG THE EMBERS 727 00:46:48,026 --> 00:46:52,063 COULD BE SEEN THE BONES OF THOSE WHO HAD PERISHED. 728 00:46:52,130 --> 00:46:56,033 THE SICKENING ODOR OF BURNED FLESH WAS OPPRESSIVE. 729 00:46:59,471 --> 00:47:02,857 [ FIRE CRACKLES ] 730 00:47:18,857 --> 00:47:21,776 Narrator: TO AVENGE THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE, 731 00:47:21,842 --> 00:47:24,630 FEDERAL TROOPS FORCED FROM THEIR HOMES 732 00:47:24,696 --> 00:47:26,581 EVERY MAN, WOMAN, AND CHILD 733 00:47:26,648 --> 00:47:31,585 LIVING IN THREE MISSOURI BORDER COUNTIES, AND HALF OF A FOURTH. 734 00:47:31,652 --> 00:47:35,723 THEY DROVE THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE ONTO THE OPEN PRAIRIE, 735 00:47:35,790 --> 00:47:39,795 WHILE UNION GUERRILLAS FOLLOWED IN THEIR WAKE, 736 00:47:39,861 --> 00:47:44,132 BURNING AND LOOTING THE EMPTY HOUSES THEY LEFT BEHIND, 737 00:47:44,198 --> 00:47:48,636 RAIDING THE REFUGEE COLUMNS, STEALING EVEN WEDDING RINGS. 738 00:47:48,703 --> 00:47:54,709 Lovejoy:THE VERY AIR SEEMS CHARGED WITH BLOOD AND DEATH, 739 00:47:54,776 --> 00:47:58,596 PANDEMONIUM ITSELF SEEMS TO HAVE BROKEN LOOSE, 740 00:47:58,663 --> 00:48:02,267 AND DEATH RUNS RIOT OVER THE COUNTRY. 741 00:48:02,334 --> 00:48:06,104 Narrator: DURING THE COURSE OF THE CIVIL WAR, 742 00:48:06,187 --> 00:48:08,723 NO CIVILIANS WOULD SUFFER MORE 743 00:48:08,789 --> 00:48:12,476 THAN THE PEOPLE OF KANSAS AND MISSOURI. 744 00:48:28,443 --> 00:48:31,896 WE JUMPED INTO THE STAGE, THE DRIVER CRACKED HIS WHIP, 745 00:48:31,964 --> 00:48:35,634 LED AWAY AND LEFT "THE STATES" BEHIND US. 746 00:48:35,700 --> 00:48:38,402 THERE WAS A FRESHNESS AND BREEZINESS 747 00:48:38,469 --> 00:48:41,639 AND AN EXHILARATING SENSE OF EMANCIPATION 748 00:48:41,706 --> 00:48:44,742 THAT ALMOST MADE US FEEL THAT THE YEARS WE HAD SPENT 749 00:48:44,809 --> 00:48:47,529 IN THE CLOSE, HOT CITY, TOILING AND SLAVING, 750 00:48:47,595 --> 00:48:49,864 HAD BEEN WASTED AND THROWN AWAY -- 751 00:48:49,915 --> 00:48:53,184 SAM CLEMENS. 752 00:48:53,251 --> 00:48:56,154 Narrator: BACK IN THE SPRING OF 1861, 753 00:48:56,220 --> 00:49:00,892 24-YEAR-OLD SAM CLEMENS AND HIS ELDER BROTHER LEFT MISSOURI 754 00:49:00,959 --> 00:49:05,046 FOR THE NEWLY CREATED NEVADA TERRITORY. 755 00:49:05,113 --> 00:49:07,648 TWO WEEKS IN THE CONFEDERATE MILITIA 756 00:49:07,715 --> 00:49:12,086 HAD CONVINCED SAM THAT HE WAS NOT CUT OUT FOR COMBAT. 757 00:49:12,153 --> 00:49:16,091 LIKE THOUSANDS OF OTHER YOUNG MEN, NORTH AND SOUTH, 758 00:49:16,158 --> 00:49:19,577 HE PREFERRED TO GO WEST RATHER THAN TO WAR. 759 00:49:19,644 --> 00:49:21,713 AND SO HE SKEDADDLED. 760 00:49:21,780 --> 00:49:24,882 Clemens: HAM AND EGGS AND SCENERY, 761 00:49:24,949 --> 00:49:27,602 A "DOWN GRADE," A FLYING COACH, 762 00:49:27,669 --> 00:49:31,256 A FRAGRANT PIPE, AND A CONTENTED HEART -- 763 00:49:31,323 --> 00:49:35,427 IT IS WHAT ALL THE AGES HAVE STRUGGLED FOR. 764 00:49:35,510 --> 00:49:38,563 Narrator: THEY MADE 8 TO 10 MILES AN HOUR 765 00:49:38,630 --> 00:49:41,249 THROUGH AN UNBROKEN SEA OF GRASS. 766 00:49:41,316 --> 00:49:45,370 A PONY EXPRESS RIDER GALLOPED PAST. 767 00:49:47,021 --> 00:49:51,176 THEY SAW BUFFALO, ENCOUNTERED THEIR FIRST INDIANS, 768 00:49:51,242 --> 00:49:53,861 TALKED WITH A REAL-LIFE OUTLAW. 769 00:49:53,928 --> 00:49:57,932 SAM CLEMENS LOVED IT ALL. 770 00:50:00,468 --> 00:50:03,521 IT TOOK THEM 20 DAYS TO REACH CARSON CITY, 771 00:50:03,588 --> 00:50:07,592 THE SMALL TOWN THAT WAS THE CAPITAL OF NEVADA TERRITORY. 772 00:50:09,727 --> 00:50:11,545 Clemens:DEAR MOTHER, 773 00:50:11,612 --> 00:50:14,983 OUR CITY LIES IN THE MIDST OF A DESERT OF THE PUREST, 774 00:50:15,049 --> 00:50:18,269 MOST UNADULTERATED AND UNCOMPROMISING SAND -- 775 00:50:18,336 --> 00:50:19,921 IN WHICH INFERNAL SOIL 776 00:50:19,988 --> 00:50:23,174 NOTHING BUT THE FAG END OF VEGETABLE CREATION, 777 00:50:23,241 --> 00:50:26,327 "SAGEBRUSH," IS MEAN ENOUGH TO GROW. 778 00:50:26,394 --> 00:50:29,847 NEVADA TERRITORY IS FABULOUSLY RICH 779 00:50:29,914 --> 00:50:34,519 IN GOLD, SILVER, LEAD, COAL, IRON, QUICKSILVER, 780 00:50:34,586 --> 00:50:37,872 THIEVES, MURDERERS, DESPERADOES, 781 00:50:37,939 --> 00:50:42,927 LAWYERS, CHRISTIANS, INDIANS, CHINAMEN, SPANIARDS, 782 00:50:43,011 --> 00:50:46,448 GAMBLERS, SHARPERS, COYOTES, POETS, 783 00:50:46,514 --> 00:50:50,985 PREACHERS, AND JACKASS RABBITS. 784 00:50:51,051 --> 00:50:55,256 Narrator: STILL, THERE WAS LITTLE TO DO IN CARSON CITY, 785 00:50:55,323 --> 00:50:57,486 SO CLEMENS SET OUT ON HIS OWN. 786 00:51:01,846 --> 00:51:03,615 PROSPECTING PARTIES 787 00:51:03,681 --> 00:51:07,168 WERE LEAVING FOR THE MOUNTAINS EVERY DAY. 788 00:51:07,235 --> 00:51:10,555 PLAINLY, THIS WAS THE ROAD TO FORTUNE. 789 00:51:10,621 --> 00:51:14,642 Narrator: HE SPENT SIX MONTHS WITH THREE PARTNERS 790 00:51:14,708 --> 00:51:19,164 IN A 10- BY 12-FOOT CABIN, PANNING, DIGGING, DRINKING, 791 00:51:19,231 --> 00:51:22,650 GOING MORE AND MORE HEAVILY INTO DEBT. 792 00:51:22,717 --> 00:51:26,053 Clemens:WE WERE STARK MAD WITH EXCITEMENT, 793 00:51:26,120 --> 00:51:27,721 DRUNK WITH HAPPINESS, 794 00:51:27,789 --> 00:51:31,276 SMOTHERED UNDER MOUNTAINS OF PROSPECTIVE WEALTH, 795 00:51:31,343 --> 00:51:33,795 ARROGANTLY COMPASSIONATE TOWARD THE PLODDING MILLIONS 796 00:51:33,862 --> 00:51:36,063 WHO KNEW NOT OUR MARVELOUS CANYON. 797 00:51:36,130 --> 00:51:39,684 BUT OUR CREDIT WAS NOT GOOD AT THE GROCER'S. 798 00:51:39,751 --> 00:51:42,854 Narrator: CLEMENS WOULD LATER BOAST THAT 799 00:51:42,921 --> 00:51:46,674 HE BECAME A MULTIMILLIONAIRE FOR JUST 10 DAYS -- 800 00:51:46,724 --> 00:51:49,794 UNTIL 14 ARMED MEN JUMPED HIS CLAIM. 801 00:51:49,860 --> 00:51:55,467 NEXT HE TRIED HIS LUCK IN VIRGINIA CITY, NEVADA. 802 00:51:55,533 --> 00:51:58,903 IT WAS A TINY MINING TOWN THAT HAD GROWN 803 00:51:58,970 --> 00:52:01,889 TO A FULL-FLEDGED INDUSTRIAL CITY 804 00:52:01,956 --> 00:52:03,958 IN LESS THAN TWO YEARS. 805 00:52:04,025 --> 00:52:06,361 15,000 PEOPLE LIVED THERE. 806 00:52:06,427 --> 00:52:11,215 THEY HAD PUT IN GAS LIGHTS, BUILT STOCK EXCHANGES, 807 00:52:11,282 --> 00:52:15,169 3 THEATERS, 4 CHURCHES, AND 42 SALOONS. 808 00:52:15,236 --> 00:52:20,491 AND THERE WAS A NEWSPAPER, THE TERRITORIAL ENTERPRISE. 809 00:52:20,558 --> 00:52:25,680 SAM CLEMENS TALKED HIMSELF INTO A JOB AS A REPORTER. 810 00:52:25,746 --> 00:52:29,167 [ GUNSHOTS ] 811 00:52:29,234 --> 00:52:30,451 Clemens:DEAR MOTHER, 812 00:52:30,518 --> 00:52:33,537 I HAVE JUST HEARD FIVE PISTOL SHOTS DOWN THE STREET. 813 00:52:33,604 --> 00:52:37,058 AS SUCH THINGS ARE IN MY LINE, I WILL GO AND SEE ABOUT IT. 814 00:52:37,108 --> 00:52:39,777 P.S. -- THE PISTOL DID ITS WORK WELL -- 815 00:52:39,844 --> 00:52:42,464 ONE MAN, A JACKSON COUNTY, MISSOURIAN, 816 00:52:42,530 --> 00:52:45,700 SHOT TWO OF MY FRIENDS, POLICE OFFICERS, 817 00:52:45,750 --> 00:52:46,868 THROUGH THE HEART. 818 00:52:46,935 --> 00:52:49,303 BOTH DIED WITHIN THREE MINUTES. 819 00:52:49,370 --> 00:52:52,106 MURDERER'S NAME IS JOHN CAMPBELL. 820 00:52:52,174 --> 00:52:55,493 Narrator: SOON, HE WAS COVERING EVERYTHING 821 00:52:55,560 --> 00:52:59,046 FROM INDIAN ATTACKS TO THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES, 822 00:52:59,113 --> 00:53:01,966 ALWAYS IN HIS OWN DISTINCTIVE STYLE. 823 00:53:02,033 --> 00:53:05,586 "I HAVE HAD A 'CALL' TO LITERATURE OF A LOW ORDER -- 824 00:53:05,653 --> 00:53:08,273 i.e. HUMOROUS," HE TOLD HIS MOTHER. 825 00:53:08,339 --> 00:53:12,777 "IT IS NOTHING TO BE PROUD OF, BUT IT IS MY STRONGEST SUIT." 826 00:53:12,844 --> 00:53:15,830 IN THE WEST, WHILE SITTING OUT THE WAR, 827 00:53:15,881 --> 00:53:18,783 SAM CLEMENS HAD FOUND A NEW CALLING, 828 00:53:18,849 --> 00:53:21,969 AND HE BEGAN TO SIGN HIS ARTICLES 829 00:53:22,036 --> 00:53:24,739 WITH A NEW NAME, "MARK TWAIN." 830 00:53:24,806 --> 00:53:28,693 Twain:IT IS BY THE GOODNESS OF GOD THAT IN OUR COUNTRY 831 00:53:28,759 --> 00:53:32,697 WE HAVE THOSE THREE UNSPEAKABLY PRECIOUS THINGS -- 832 00:53:32,764 --> 00:53:36,384 FREEDOM OF SPEECH, FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE, 833 00:53:36,434 --> 00:53:40,493 AND THE PRUDENCE NEVER TO PRACTICE EITHER OF THEM. 834 00:53:57,706 --> 00:54:00,007 LISTEN TO ME CAREFULLY, 835 00:54:00,074 --> 00:54:05,012 AND TRUTHFULLY FOLLOW UP MY INSTRUCTIONS. 836 00:54:05,079 --> 00:54:07,048 YOU CHIEFS ARE PEACEMAKERS. 837 00:54:07,114 --> 00:54:11,686 THOUGH YOUR SON MIGHT BE KILLED IN FRONT OF YOUR TEPEE, 838 00:54:11,752 --> 00:54:14,372 YOU SHOULD TAKE A PEACE PIPE AND SMOKE. 839 00:54:14,439 --> 00:54:18,976 THEN YOU WOULD BE AN HONEST CHIEF -- 840 00:54:19,043 --> 00:54:21,012 SWEET MEDICINE. 841 00:54:24,248 --> 00:54:29,236 Woman: A PEACE CHIEF ASSUMED THE ROLE OF A FATHER 842 00:54:29,303 --> 00:54:32,223 TO ALL MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE. 843 00:54:32,289 --> 00:54:34,525 HE WAS SELECTED BECAUSE OF HIS GOODNESS, 844 00:54:34,592 --> 00:54:37,128 HIS GENEROSITY, HIS BRAVERY, HIS COURAGE, 845 00:54:37,195 --> 00:54:39,681 HIS CONCERN FOR THE WELL-BEING OF OTHERS, 846 00:54:39,747 --> 00:54:42,750 AND HE NEVER ACQUIRED WEALTH FOR HIMSELF. 847 00:54:42,817 --> 00:54:46,487 HE ACQUIRED WEALTH TO GIVE TO THOSE LESS FORTUNATE, 848 00:54:46,553 --> 00:54:51,175 SO THAT YOU GOT A FATHER, A SPIRITUAL LEADER, 849 00:54:51,242 --> 00:54:56,830 A TRUE SERVANT OF THE PEOPLE -- A PERSON THAT HAD TO LIVE 850 00:54:56,897 --> 00:55:01,202 A MORALLY UPRIGHT LIFE IN EVERY RESPECT. 851 00:55:06,106 --> 00:55:09,259 Narrator: ONE OF THE MOST RESPECTED PEACE CHIEFS 852 00:55:09,326 --> 00:55:12,096 OF THE SOUTHERN CHEYENNE WAS BLACK KETTLE. 853 00:55:12,180 --> 00:55:15,249 AS A YOUNG MAN, HE HAD PROVED HIMSELF AS A WARRIOR. 854 00:55:15,315 --> 00:55:17,018 NOW, HE HAD COME TO BELIEVE 855 00:55:17,084 --> 00:55:19,620 THAT MAINTAINING PEACE WITH THE WHITES 856 00:55:19,687 --> 00:55:22,673 WAS THE BEST WAY FOR HIS PEOPLE TO SURVIVE. 857 00:55:22,740 --> 00:55:26,427 IN 1861, BLACK KETTLE AND OTHER PEACE CHIEFS 858 00:55:26,493 --> 00:55:31,716 HAD SIGNED A TREATY AND AGREED TO MOVE ONTO A SMALL RESERVATION 859 00:55:31,783 --> 00:55:35,553 ALONG SAND CREEK, SOUTHEAST OF DENVER. 860 00:55:35,619 --> 00:55:38,873 BUT THE RESERVATION WAS EMPTY OF GAME. 861 00:55:38,940 --> 00:55:41,041 WHITES TRESPASSED ON IT. 862 00:55:41,108 --> 00:55:47,164 SOME CHEYENNE WERE REDUCED TO BEGGING SETTLERS FOR FOOD. 863 00:55:47,231 --> 00:55:48,849 [ HORSE NEIGHS ] 864 00:55:48,916 --> 00:55:54,238 SOON, EVEN BLACK KETTLE LEFT FOR THE OLD HUNTING GROUNDS, 865 00:55:54,304 --> 00:55:57,225 AND YOUNG CHEYENNE WARRIORS 866 00:55:57,292 --> 00:56:03,081 BEGAN ATTACKING STAGECOACHES AND DESTROYING OUTLYING RANCHES. 867 00:56:03,148 --> 00:56:07,552 Man: THE YOUNG MEN'S EXUBERANCE SOMETIMES WOULD GET OUT OF HAND, 868 00:56:07,618 --> 00:56:11,856 AND SOME OF THE OLD CHIEFS JUST SIMPLY COULDN'T CONTROL THEM. 869 00:56:11,923 --> 00:56:16,393 YOU HAVE TO REMEMBER THAT BEFORE THE COMING OF THE WHITE SOLDIERS 870 00:56:16,460 --> 00:56:20,981 AND BEFORE THE RESERVATION DAYS, BOYS HAD A WAY TO BECOME MEN. 871 00:56:21,048 --> 00:56:24,435 AND THE WAY BOYS BECAME MEN WAS THROUGH 872 00:56:24,502 --> 00:56:29,240 PROVING THEMSELVES IN HUNT OR PROVING THEMSELVES IN BATTLE. 873 00:56:29,306 --> 00:56:30,991 AND SO, WHEN THINGS BEGAN TO CHANGE 874 00:56:31,058 --> 00:56:33,511 AND SOME OF THE OLD CHIEFS BEGAN TO GO THE PEACEFUL WAY 875 00:56:33,578 --> 00:56:35,979 AND SAY WE CAN'T KEEP ON WITH THIS, 876 00:56:36,047 --> 00:56:37,232 WE'VE GOT TO FIND A PEACEFUL WAY 877 00:56:37,298 --> 00:56:38,800 OF RESOLVING DIFFERENCES AND SO ON, 878 00:56:38,867 --> 00:56:41,168 SOMETIMES THE YOUNG MEN FELT LEFT OUT. 879 00:56:41,235 --> 00:56:44,189 THEY FELT THAT THEY WERE BEING DENIED MANHOOD. 880 00:56:44,255 --> 00:56:48,142 Man:THE DENVER COMMONWEALTH. JUNE 15, 1864. 881 00:56:48,209 --> 00:56:52,096 THE BODIES WERE BROUGHT TO TOWN THIS MORNING. 882 00:56:52,163 --> 00:56:55,449 IT WAS A MOST SOLEMN SIGHT INDEED, 883 00:56:55,516 --> 00:56:58,036 TO SEE THE MUTILATED CORPSES, 884 00:56:58,102 --> 00:57:01,489 STRETCHED IN THE STIFFNESS OF DEATH, 885 00:57:01,556 --> 00:57:03,524 UPON THAT WAGON BED. 886 00:57:03,591 --> 00:57:06,844 THE GENERAL REMARK OF THE HUNDREDS OF SPECTATORS 887 00:57:06,911 --> 00:57:08,946 WAS THAT THOSE THAT PERPETRATE 888 00:57:09,013 --> 00:57:11,783 SUCH UNNATURAL, BRUTAL BUTCHERY AS THIS 889 00:57:11,849 --> 00:57:13,284 OUGHT TO BE HUNTED 890 00:57:13,351 --> 00:57:16,387 TO THE FARTHEST BOUNDS OF THESE BROAD PLAINS 891 00:57:16,454 --> 00:57:19,090 AND BURNED AT THE STAKE ALIVE. 892 00:57:19,157 --> 00:57:22,576 Narrator: THE GOVERNOR OF COLORADO TERRITORY 893 00:57:22,627 --> 00:57:25,029 ASKED WASHINGTON FOR TROOPS, 894 00:57:25,096 --> 00:57:27,965 BUT WITH THE CIVIL WAR STILL RAGING, 895 00:57:28,049 --> 00:57:29,967 THERE WERE NONE TO SPARE. 896 00:57:30,034 --> 00:57:34,222 HE THEN CALLED FOR CIVILIAN VOLUNTEERS, 897 00:57:34,288 --> 00:57:36,674 AND HUNDREDS SIGNED UP. 898 00:57:36,741 --> 00:57:41,362 IN COMMAND ONCE AGAIN WOULD BE THE FIGHTING PARSON -- 899 00:57:41,428 --> 00:57:45,900 JOHN CHIVINGTON, THE HERO OF GLORIETA PASS. 900 00:57:45,967 --> 00:57:49,787 NOW A COLONEL, HE BURNED WITH POLITICAL AMBITION 901 00:57:49,854 --> 00:57:51,256 AND SAW A WINNING ISSUE 902 00:57:51,322 --> 00:57:54,391 IN RIDDING HIS REGION OF ITS INDIANS. 903 00:57:54,458 --> 00:57:58,028 MEANWHILE, AN OLD TRADER NAMED WILLIAM BENT 904 00:57:58,095 --> 00:58:00,631 DESPERATELY TRIED TO MAKE PEACE. 905 00:58:00,698 --> 00:58:03,718 HE HAD BEEN LIVING AMONG THE CHEYENNE 906 00:58:03,784 --> 00:58:05,920 FOR NEARLY FOUR DECADES. 907 00:58:05,987 --> 00:58:09,406 FOUR OF HIS CHILDREN HAD CHEYENNE MOTHERS. 908 00:58:09,473 --> 00:58:13,978 HE TOLD CHIVINGTON THAT THE CHIEFS WANTED TO BE FRIENDLY. 909 00:58:14,061 --> 00:58:19,133 CHIVINGTON REPLIED THAT HE WAS NOT AUTHORIZED TO MAKE PEACE. 910 00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:21,385 IN SEPTEMBER OF 1864, 911 00:58:21,452 --> 00:58:25,790 BLACK KETTLE AND SIX OTHER CHEYENNE CHIEFS 912 00:58:25,856 --> 00:58:30,294 CAME TO FORT WELD, NEAR DENVER, TO TALK. 913 00:58:30,361 --> 00:58:32,579 AS EVIDENCE OF THEIR GOOD FAITH, 914 00:58:32,646 --> 00:58:35,466 THEY BROUGHT WITH THEM FOUR WHITE CAPTIVES 915 00:58:35,533 --> 00:58:38,552 THEY HAD RANSOMED FROM OTHER BANDS. 916 00:58:38,619 --> 00:58:42,473 WE HAVE BEEN TRAVELING THROUGH A CLOUD. 917 00:58:42,539 --> 00:58:47,227 THE SKY HAS BEEN DARK EVER SINCE THE WAR BEGAN. 918 00:58:47,294 --> 00:58:51,933 WE WANT TO TAKE GOOD TIDINGS HOME TO OUR PEOPLE, 919 00:58:51,999 --> 00:58:54,718 THAT THEY MAY SLEEP IN PEACE. 920 00:58:54,785 --> 00:58:57,321 I WANT ALL THE CHIEFS OF THE SOLDIERS HERE 921 00:58:57,388 --> 00:58:59,757 TO UNDERSTAND THAT WE ARE FOR PEACE, 922 00:58:59,824 --> 00:59:02,843 AND THAT WE HAVE MADE PEACE, 923 00:59:02,910 --> 00:59:07,615 THAT WE MAY NOT BE MISTAKEN FOR ENEMIES -- 924 00:59:07,665 --> 00:59:09,183 BLACK KETTLE. 925 00:59:09,250 --> 00:59:12,670 Narrator: WHEN BLACK KETTLE AGREED TO RETURN TO SAND CREEK, 926 00:59:12,737 --> 00:59:14,087 ON THE RESERVATION, 927 00:59:14,154 --> 00:59:16,290 REGULAR ARMY OFFICERS LED HIM TO BELIEVE 928 00:59:16,341 --> 00:59:18,092 HIS PEOPLE WOULD BE SAFE. 929 00:59:18,159 --> 00:59:22,113 BUT CHIVINGTON WAS NOT AN OFFICER IN THE REGULAR ARMY. 930 00:59:22,179 --> 00:59:25,683 HIS NEW COMMAND, THE THIRD COLORADO VOLUNTEERS, 931 00:59:25,750 --> 00:59:28,151 HAD YET TO FIGHT A MAJOR BATTLE. 932 00:59:28,219 --> 00:59:30,220 SCORNFUL DENVER NEWSPAPERS 933 00:59:30,287 --> 00:59:33,507 WERE CALLING THEM "THE BLOODLESS THIRD," 934 00:59:33,573 --> 00:59:37,095 AND THEIR ENLISTMENTS WERE ABOUT TO RUN OUT. 935 00:59:37,161 --> 00:59:42,216 ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, CHIVINGTON WAS DETERMINED TO HAVE HIS WAR. 936 00:59:46,721 --> 00:59:49,807 AT DAWN ON NOVEMBER 29, 1864, 937 00:59:49,874 --> 00:59:55,730 HE AND 700 MEN REACHED THE EDGE OF BLACK KETTLE'S CAMP 938 00:59:55,796 --> 00:59:59,083 ON THE BANKS OF SAND CREEK. 939 00:59:59,149 --> 01:00:00,334 MANY OF THEM WERE DRUNK 940 01:00:00,401 --> 01:00:03,804 FROM THE WHISKEY THEY HAD SWALLOWED 941 01:00:03,871 --> 01:00:06,840 TO WARM THEM DURING AN ICY, ALL-NIGHT RIDE. 942 01:00:10,445 --> 01:00:13,313 ONE OF WILLIAM BENT'S SONS, ROBERT, 943 01:00:13,380 --> 01:00:15,449 WAS RIDING WITH CHIVINGTON, 944 01:00:15,516 --> 01:00:20,204 COMMANDEERED AT GUNPOINT TO SHOW THE WAY TO THE CHEYENNE CAMP. 945 01:00:20,270 --> 01:00:24,442 BENT'S OTHER CHILDREN -- CHARLES, JULIA, AND GEORGE -- 946 01:00:24,508 --> 01:00:26,611 WERE ALL INSIDE THE CAMP. 947 01:00:26,677 --> 01:00:29,513 SOME REGULAR ARMY OFFICERS PROTESTED 948 01:00:29,580 --> 01:00:32,433 THAT TO ATTACK THE PEACEABLE VILLAGE 949 01:00:32,499 --> 01:00:35,687 WOULD BETRAY THE ARMY'S PLEDGE OF SAFETY. 950 01:00:35,753 --> 01:00:37,704 CHIVINGTON IGNORED THEM. 951 01:00:37,755 --> 01:00:43,310 "DAMN ANY MAN WHO SYMPATHIZES WITH INDIANS," HE SAID. 952 01:00:43,377 --> 01:00:49,784 "KILL AND SCALP ALL, BIG AND LITTLE -- NITS MAKE LICE." 953 01:00:49,851 --> 01:00:52,519 HE ORDERED THE ATTACK. 954 01:00:54,655 --> 01:00:56,290 FROM DOWN THE CREEK, 955 01:00:56,357 --> 01:01:00,461 A LARGE BODY OF TROOPS WAS ADVANCING AT A RAPID TROT. 956 01:01:00,528 --> 01:01:04,165 IN THE CAMPS, ALL WAS CONFUSION AND NOISE -- 957 01:01:04,232 --> 01:01:05,967 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN 958 01:01:06,033 --> 01:01:09,537 RUSHING OUT OF THE LODGES PARTLY DRESSED, 959 01:01:09,603 --> 01:01:13,841 WOMEN AND CHILDREN SCREAMING AT THE SIGHT OF THE TROOPS, 960 01:01:13,908 --> 01:01:18,045 MEN RUNNING BACK INTO THE LODGES FOR THEIR ARMS. 961 01:01:18,112 --> 01:01:20,748 BLACK KETTLE HAD A LARGE AMERICAN FLAG 962 01:01:20,815 --> 01:01:23,184 TIED TO THE END OF A LONG LODGEPOLE, 963 01:01:23,251 --> 01:01:27,104 AND KEPT CALLING OUT NOT TO BE FRIGHTENED, 964 01:01:27,171 --> 01:01:28,355 THAT THE CAMP WAS UNDER PROTECTION, 965 01:01:28,422 --> 01:01:30,090 AND THERE WAS NO DANGER. 966 01:01:30,157 --> 01:01:33,044 THEN SUDDENLY THE TROOPS OPENED FIRE 967 01:01:33,110 --> 01:01:35,913 ON THIS MASS OF MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN, 968 01:01:35,980 --> 01:01:38,616 AND ALL BEGAN TO SCATTER AND RUN. 969 01:01:41,919 --> 01:01:43,554 WHITE ANTELOPE, 970 01:01:43,621 --> 01:01:46,390 WHEN HE SAW THE SOLDIERS SHOOTING INTO THE LODGES, 971 01:01:46,456 --> 01:01:49,761 MADE UP HIS MIND NOT TO LIVE ANY LONGER. 972 01:01:49,827 --> 01:01:51,962 HE STOOD IN FRONT OF HIS LODGE, 973 01:01:52,029 --> 01:01:56,533 WITH HIS ARMS FOLDED ACROSS HIS BREAST, SINGING THE DEATH SONG. 974 01:01:56,601 --> 01:01:59,770 "NOTHING LIVES LONG," HE SANG, 975 01:01:59,837 --> 01:02:04,108 "ONLY THE EARTH AND THE MOINS" -- 976 01:02:04,175 --> 01:02:05,793 GEORGE BENT. 977 01:02:14,719 --> 01:02:16,537 Man:I NEVER SAW MORE BRAVERY 978 01:02:16,603 --> 01:02:20,357 DISPLAYED BY ANY SET OF PEOPLE ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH 979 01:02:20,424 --> 01:02:21,959 THAN BY THESE INDIANS. 980 01:02:22,025 --> 01:02:25,078 THEY WOULD CHARGE ON THE WHOLE COMPANY SINGLY, 981 01:02:25,145 --> 01:02:29,450 DETERMINED TO KILL SOMEONE BEFORE BEING KILLED THEMSELVES. 982 01:02:29,516 --> 01:02:33,654 WE, OF COURSE, TOOK NO PRISONERS. 983 01:02:37,324 --> 01:02:38,559 Man:AFTER THE FIRING, 984 01:02:38,626 --> 01:02:42,179 THE WARRIORS PUT THE SQUAWS AND CHILDREN TOGETHER 985 01:02:42,246 --> 01:02:45,065 AND SURROUNDED THEM TO PROTECT THEM. 986 01:02:45,132 --> 01:02:48,286 I SAW FIVE SQUAWS UNDER A BANK FOR SHELTER. 987 01:02:48,352 --> 01:02:50,270 WHEN THE TROOPS CAME UP TO THEM, 988 01:02:50,337 --> 01:02:52,506 THEY RAN OUT AND SHOWED THEIR PERSONS 989 01:02:52,556 --> 01:02:54,925 TO LET THE SOLDIERS KNOW THEY WERE SQUAWS 990 01:02:54,992 --> 01:02:56,310 AND BEGGED FOR MERCY, 991 01:02:56,376 --> 01:03:00,614 BUT THE SOLDIERS SHOT THEM ALL -- 992 01:03:00,681 --> 01:03:02,416 ROBERT BENT. 993 01:03:02,483 --> 01:03:08,706 [ GUNSHOT ] 994 01:03:08,773 --> 01:03:10,657 WHEN THEY WERE ATTACKED. 995 01:03:10,724 --> 01:03:15,179 THERE'S ONE LITTLE CHILD THAT WAS WALKING UP THE CREEK BED, 996 01:03:15,245 --> 01:03:17,448 AND THERE WAS A SOLDIER THERE 997 01:03:17,514 --> 01:03:21,335 THAT WAS USING THE LITTLE BOY AS TARGET PRACTICE. 998 01:03:21,401 --> 01:03:23,470 HE TOOK ONE SHOT, AIMED, MISSED HIM. 999 01:03:23,537 --> 01:03:25,906 A SECOND CAME ALONG, TRIED AND MISSED HIM, 1000 01:03:25,973 --> 01:03:28,759 AND A THIRD SAID, "LET ME KILL THE LITTLE DEVIL," 1001 01:03:28,826 --> 01:03:33,697 AND THE LITTLE BOY DROPPED DEAD. 1002 01:03:33,764 --> 01:03:36,500 YOU HAD PREGNANT WOMEN THAT WERE -- 1003 01:03:36,567 --> 01:03:39,186 WHOSE BODIES WERE BEING CUT OPEN, 1004 01:03:39,253 --> 01:03:42,272 AND THE FETUSES BEING TAKEN FROM THEM. 1005 01:03:42,339 --> 01:03:47,544 THE PRIVATE BODY PARTS OF MEN AND WOMEN WERE CUT FROM THEM, 1006 01:03:47,628 --> 01:03:49,547 AND SOME OF THEM USED 1007 01:03:49,613 --> 01:03:53,817 AS SADDLE HORNS, HAT BANDS, TOBACCO POUCHES, 1008 01:03:53,884 --> 01:03:57,521 AND PUT ON PUBLIC DISPLAY IN DENVER CITY. 1009 01:03:57,588 --> 01:04:01,708 AND IN SUCH A WAY THAT YOU WOULD BEGIN TO ASK, 1010 01:04:01,759 --> 01:04:04,395 "WHO IS SAVAGE, IN THIS CASE?" 1011 01:04:04,461 --> 01:04:07,748 IT CERTAINLY WAS NOT THE CHEYENNE. 1012 01:04:07,815 --> 01:04:13,270 Narrator: WHEN THE KILLING STOPPED, NEARLY 200 CHEYENNE -- 1013 01:04:13,337 --> 01:04:17,024 MOST OF THEM WOMEN AND CHILDREN -- 1014 01:04:17,091 --> 01:04:19,460 LAY DEAD AT SAND CREEK. 1015 01:04:19,526 --> 01:04:23,663 BLACK KETTLE WAS AMONG THOSE WHO HAD MANAGED TO GET AWAY. 1016 01:04:23,730 --> 01:04:26,517 REGULAR ARMY OFFICERS WERE APPALLED 1017 01:04:26,583 --> 01:04:29,770 BY WHAT CHIVINGTON'S VOLUNTEERS HAD DONE. 1018 01:04:29,836 --> 01:04:33,657 GENERAL GRANT HIMSELF PRIVATELY DECLARED THE MASSACRE 1019 01:04:33,741 --> 01:04:35,626 NOTHING LESS THAN MURDER. 1020 01:04:35,692 --> 01:04:37,461 THE CONGRESS AND THE ARMY 1021 01:04:37,528 --> 01:04:40,097 LAUNCHED SEPARATE INVESTIGATIONS. 1022 01:04:40,164 --> 01:04:43,817 Man:THE COMMITTEE ON THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR -- 1023 01:04:43,883 --> 01:04:45,686 AS TO COLONEL CHIVINGTON, 1024 01:04:45,753 --> 01:04:49,006 YOUR COMMITTEE CAN HARDLY FIND FITTING TERMS 1025 01:04:49,072 --> 01:04:51,008 TO DESCRIBE HIS CONDUCT. 1026 01:04:51,075 --> 01:04:54,294 WEARING THE UNIFORM OF THE UNITED STATES, 1027 01:04:54,361 --> 01:04:57,981 WHICH SHOULD BE THE EMBLEM OF JUSTICE AND HUMANITY, 1028 01:04:58,048 --> 01:05:00,801 HE DELIBERATELY PLANNED AND EXECUTED 1029 01:05:00,868 --> 01:05:03,104 A FOUL AND DASTARDLY MASSACRE, 1030 01:05:03,170 --> 01:05:06,924 WHICH WOULD HAVE DISGRACED THE VERIEST SAVAGE 1031 01:05:06,991 --> 01:05:10,860 AMONG THOSE WHO WERE THE VICTIMS OF HIS CRUELTY. 1032 01:05:10,927 --> 01:05:15,232 Narrator: BUT BY THE TIME THE TRIBUNALS REACHED THEIR VERDICT, 1033 01:05:15,299 --> 01:05:17,468 CHIVINGTON WAS A CIVILIAN AGAIN 1034 01:05:17,534 --> 01:05:20,638 AND BEYOND THE REACH OF MILITARY JUSTICE. 1035 01:05:20,704 --> 01:05:24,158 IN THE END, NO ONE WAS EVER PUNISHED. 1036 01:05:24,224 --> 01:05:29,280 NOR DID CHIVINGTON EVER ADMIT HE HAD DONE ANYTHING WRONG. 1037 01:05:29,346 --> 01:05:34,551 SPEAKING BEFORE A REUNION OF COLORADO PIONEERS 1038 01:05:34,618 --> 01:05:37,221 NEARLY 20 YEARS LATER, 1039 01:05:37,287 --> 01:05:41,826 HE DECLARED, "I STAND BY SAND CREEK." 1040 01:05:47,180 --> 01:05:51,052 Campbell: ONE TIME I WENT TO THE SAND CREEK SITE YEARS AGO 1041 01:05:51,118 --> 01:05:55,339 TO PUT A SIGN UP TO COMMEMORATE WHERE THAT MASSACRE HAPPENED. 1042 01:05:57,691 --> 01:05:59,176 AND I WAS ALONE THERE. 1043 01:05:59,242 --> 01:06:01,711 IT WAS ABOUT 6:00 IN THE MORNING, 1044 01:06:01,778 --> 01:06:03,680 JUST AS THE SUN WAS COMING UP. 1045 01:06:03,747 --> 01:06:09,136 AND IT WAS VERY, VERY QUIET, AND I SWEAR I HEARD BABIES CRYING. 1046 01:06:09,203 --> 01:06:11,988 AND IT WAS SUCH A STRONG, EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE FOR ME, 1047 01:06:12,055 --> 01:06:13,306 I LEFT THERE. 1048 01:06:13,373 --> 01:06:15,141 BUT I'VE TALKED TO SEVERAL OF MY COUSINS 1049 01:06:15,208 --> 01:06:17,678 WHO HAVE ALSO GONE THERE AT REALLY EARLY IN THE MORNING. 1050 01:06:17,744 --> 01:06:18,896 THEY SAY THE SAME THING. 1051 01:06:18,963 --> 01:06:21,999 Narrator: ALL OF WILLIAM BENT'S CHILDREN 1052 01:06:22,066 --> 01:06:23,901 HAD SURVIVED THE MASSACRE. 1053 01:06:23,968 --> 01:06:27,838 ROBERT, WHO HAD BEEN FORCED TO SHOW CHIVINGTON THE WAY 1054 01:06:27,904 --> 01:06:31,675 TO BLACK KETTLE'S VILLAGE, TESTIFIED AGAINST HIM. 1055 01:06:31,742 --> 01:06:34,377 CHARLES JOINED THE DOG SOLDIERS, 1056 01:06:34,445 --> 01:06:39,049 A SOCIETY MADE UP OF THE CHEYENNES' MOST FEARED WARRIORS, 1057 01:06:39,116 --> 01:06:43,086 AND WENT ON A RAMPAGE OF TORTURE AND KILLING. 1058 01:06:43,153 --> 01:06:46,707 ALL WHITES, HE NOW BELIEVED, WERE HIS ENEMY. 1059 01:06:46,774 --> 01:06:50,443 HE EVEN TRIED TO KILL HIS OWN FATHER. 1060 01:06:54,031 --> 01:06:55,732 Mann: AFTER THE MASSACRE, 1061 01:06:55,799 --> 01:06:59,285 THERE WERE MANY CHEYENNES THAT WANTED TO TAKE REVENGE 1062 01:06:59,353 --> 01:07:04,574 AND JOIN THE LAKOTA AND CONDUCT RAIDS ALONG THE PLATTE. 1063 01:07:04,641 --> 01:07:09,579 BLACK KETTLE INSTEAD CHOSE TO TAKE HIS BAND SOUTH, 1064 01:07:09,664 --> 01:07:15,502 INTO SAFER TERRITORY. 1065 01:07:15,552 --> 01:07:19,857 ALTHOUGH WRONGS HAVE BEEN DONE ME, I LIVE IN HOPES. 1066 01:07:19,923 --> 01:07:21,825 I HAVE NOT GOT TWO HEARTS. 1067 01:07:21,892 --> 01:07:25,929 I ONCE THOUGHT THAT I WAS THE ONLY MAN 1068 01:07:25,996 --> 01:07:29,383 THAT PERSEVERED TO BE THE FRIEND OF THE WHITE MAN, 1069 01:07:29,450 --> 01:07:31,384 BUT SINCE THEY HAVE COME 1070 01:07:31,451 --> 01:07:35,939 AND CLEANED OUT OUR LODGES, HORSES, AND EVERYTHING ELSE, 1071 01:07:36,005 --> 01:07:40,077 IT IS HARD FOR ME TO BELIEVE WHITE MEN ANYMORE -- 1072 01:07:40,143 --> 01:07:42,663 BLACK KETTLE. 1073 01:07:57,694 --> 01:08:01,598 AMERICA HAS NO NORTH, NO SOUTH, NO EAST, NO WEST. 1074 01:08:01,665 --> 01:08:06,136 THE SUN RISES OVER THE HILLS AND SETS OVER THE MOUNTAINS. 1075 01:08:06,203 --> 01:08:09,456 THE COMPASS JUST POINTS UP AND DOWN. 1076 01:08:09,522 --> 01:08:12,509 AND WE CAN LAUGH NOW AT THE ABSURD NOTION 1077 01:08:12,576 --> 01:08:15,362 OF THERE BEING A NORTH AND A SOUTH. 1078 01:08:15,429 --> 01:08:19,633 WE ARE ONE AND UNDIVIDED -- 1079 01:08:19,700 --> 01:08:21,902 SAM WATKINS. 1080 01:08:21,969 --> 01:08:30,211 Narrator: ON APRIL 9, 1865, FOUR BLOODY YEARS OF CIVIL WAR 1081 01:08:30,277 --> 01:08:34,114 FINALLY ENDED WHEN ROBERT E. LEE SURRENDERED HIS ARMY 1082 01:08:34,180 --> 01:08:37,117 AT APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE IN VIRGINIA. 1083 01:08:37,183 --> 01:08:40,103 BALDWIN CITY, THE STATE OF KANSAS. 1084 01:08:40,170 --> 01:08:43,957 MR. EDITOR, TOWNS ARE STARTING UP 1085 01:08:44,024 --> 01:08:47,143 AS BY MAGIC ALL ALONG THE VALLEY, 1086 01:08:47,210 --> 01:08:50,881 AND THE SOUND OF THE HAMMER IS HEARD ON EVERY HAND. 1087 01:08:50,947 --> 01:08:55,853 I WISH TO SAY TO OUR FRIENDS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE, ONE AND ALL, 1088 01:08:55,919 --> 01:08:59,790 WE HAVE NEVER REGRETTED COMING TO KANSAS. 1089 01:08:59,857 --> 01:09:02,976 WE HAVE NEVER WAVERED -- NEVER FLINCHED -- 1090 01:09:03,043 --> 01:09:05,578 NOT EVEN WHEN 3 TIMES IN 24 HOURS 1091 01:09:05,645 --> 01:09:09,099 WE WERE COMPELLED TO FLEE FROM OUR HOUSE. 1092 01:09:09,166 --> 01:09:13,737 I TELL YOU ALL, THOUGH WE HAVE FELT THE HORRORS OF WAR, 1093 01:09:13,804 --> 01:09:16,807 IF WE WERE NOT IN KANSAS ALREADY, 1094 01:09:16,873 --> 01:09:20,811 WE WOULD COME AS SOON AS STEAM COULD BRING US. 1095 01:09:20,877 --> 01:09:24,681 YOURS RESPECTFULLY, JULIA LOUISA LOVEJOY. 1096 01:09:29,469 --> 01:09:31,722 Narrator: THE NEWLY REUNITED NATION 1097 01:09:31,788 --> 01:09:35,375 NOW TURNED ITS ATTENTION TO THE WEST AS NEVER BEFORE. 1098 01:09:35,442 --> 01:09:38,562 HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SETTLERS -- 1099 01:09:38,628 --> 01:09:44,033 MANY OF THEM WAR VETERANS -- RUSHED WEST TO START NEW LIVES. 1100 01:09:44,100 --> 01:09:46,703 AT THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR, 1101 01:09:46,770 --> 01:09:49,439 MOST OF THE TROOPS WERE MUSTERED OUT -- 1102 01:09:49,506 --> 01:09:51,958 NEARLY A MILLION STRONG, VIGOROUS MEN 1103 01:09:52,025 --> 01:09:55,912 WHO HAD IMBIBED THE SOMEWHAT ERRATIC HABITS OF THE SOLDIER. 1104 01:09:55,979 --> 01:10:00,050 THEY NATURALLY LOOKED FOR NEW HOMES TO THE GREAT WEST. 1105 01:10:00,117 --> 01:10:03,052 THESE MEN FLOCKED TO THE PLAINS 1106 01:10:03,119 --> 01:10:08,308 AND WERE STIMULATED BY THE DANGER OF AN INDIAN WAR -- 1107 01:10:08,374 --> 01:10:10,828 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN. 1108 01:10:10,894 --> 01:10:17,167 Narrator: IN THE WINTER OF 1866, TROOPS OF THE 18th INFANTRY -- 1109 01:10:17,233 --> 01:10:21,071 THE REGULAR ARMY UNIT THAT HAD SUFFERED MORE CASUALTIES 1110 01:10:21,137 --> 01:10:23,673 THAN ANY OTHER IN THE CIVIL WAR -- 1111 01:10:23,740 --> 01:10:26,993 OCCUPIED A BRAND-NEW POST IN DAKOTA TERRITORY 1112 01:10:27,044 --> 01:10:28,862 CALLED FORT PHIL KEARNY. 1113 01:10:28,928 --> 01:10:33,100 BUT A LAKOTA LEADER NAMED RED CLOUD AND OTHER WARRIORS 1114 01:10:33,166 --> 01:10:36,619 WERE DETERMINED TO DRIVE THE SOLDIERS AWAY. 1115 01:10:36,686 --> 01:10:40,224 WHOSE VOICE WAS FIRST SOUNDED ON THIS LAND? 1116 01:10:40,290 --> 01:10:44,861 THE VOICE OF THE RED PEOPLE WHO HAD BUT BOWS AND ARROWS. 1117 01:10:44,928 --> 01:10:47,598 WHEN THE WHITE MAN COMES IN MY COUNTRY, 1118 01:10:47,664 --> 01:10:50,717 HE LEAVES A TRAIL OF BLOOD BEHIND HIM. 1119 01:10:50,783 --> 01:10:53,520 I HAVE TWO MOUNTAINS IN THAT COUNTRY. 1120 01:10:53,571 --> 01:10:57,658 I WANT THE GREAT FATHER TO MAKE NO ROADS THROUGH THEM -- 1121 01:10:57,724 --> 01:11:00,210 RED CLOUD. 1122 01:11:03,796 --> 01:11:06,933 Narrator: FOUR DAYS BEFORE CHRISTMAS, 1123 01:11:07,000 --> 01:11:11,205 THE LAKOTA AND THEIR ALLIES ATTACKED A WAGON TRAIN 1124 01:11:11,271 --> 01:11:14,458 BRINGING FIREWOOD BACK TO THE POST. 1125 01:11:14,524 --> 01:11:18,045 MANY INSIDE THE FORT FEARED FOR THEIR LIVES, 1126 01:11:18,111 --> 01:11:22,383 BUT A 33-YEAR-OLD LIEUTENANT NAMED WILLIAM J. FETTERMAN 1127 01:11:22,449 --> 01:11:23,934 SAW HIS CHANCE. 1128 01:11:24,001 --> 01:11:26,853 HE ASKED TO LEAD A RESCUE MISSION. 1129 01:11:26,920 --> 01:11:29,606 "GIVE ME 80 GOOD MEN," HE BOASTED, 1130 01:11:29,672 --> 01:11:33,426 "AND I CAN RIDE THROUGH THE WHOLE SIOUX NATION." 1131 01:11:33,493 --> 01:11:37,631 Momaday: FETTERMAN WENT OUT WITH 80 MEN, 1132 01:11:37,697 --> 01:11:41,084 AND THERE'S A RIDGE JUST NEAR. 1133 01:11:41,150 --> 01:11:44,654 YOU CAN SEE THE TOP. 1134 01:11:44,721 --> 01:11:47,224 YOU CAN SEE IT THERE, FROM THE FORT. 1135 01:11:47,291 --> 01:11:52,179 AND HIS COMMANDING OFFICER, CARRINGTON, 1136 01:11:52,245 --> 01:11:54,748 GAVE HIM ORDERS NOT TO GO BEYOND THAT RIDGE. 1137 01:11:54,815 --> 01:11:59,269 WHAT HAPPENED WAS THAT THE INDIANS UNDER RED CLOUD 1138 01:11:59,335 --> 01:12:04,557 HAD AMASSED 2,000 SOLDIERS ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE RIDGE. 1139 01:12:04,624 --> 01:12:08,895 THEY WERE ALL HIDDEN IN GULLIES AND RAVINES -- 1140 01:12:08,962 --> 01:12:12,966 THE SIOUX, THE ARAPAHO, AND THE CHEYENNE. 1141 01:12:13,033 --> 01:12:15,602 AND FROM THESE THREE GROUPS, 1142 01:12:15,669 --> 01:12:19,372 TWO MEN WERE CHOSEN FROM EACH TO BE DECOYS. 1143 01:12:19,439 --> 01:12:24,211 THIS IS A VERY DANGEROUS, BUT A VERY HONORABLE THING. 1144 01:12:24,277 --> 01:12:29,316 SO THE DECOYS RODE UP ON THE RIDGE IN SIGHT OF THE FORT. 1145 01:12:29,316 --> 01:12:34,054 Narrator: THE INDIANS BEGAN TAUNTING FET 1146 01:12:34,120 --> 01:12:35,922 FROM HORSEBACK, 1147 01:12:35,989 --> 01:12:39,226 EVEN GETTING OFF THEIR PONIES AND ADJUSTING THEIR BRIDLES, 1148 01:12:39,292 --> 01:12:42,228 DESPITE THE ARMY BULLETS BUZZING ALL AROUND THEM. 1149 01:12:42,296 --> 01:12:47,484 WHEN THEY RACED OVER THE RIDGE, FETTERMAN HURRIED IN PURSUIT -- 1150 01:12:47,551 --> 01:12:49,118 AND DISAPPEARED. 1151 01:12:49,185 --> 01:12:51,237 A FEW SHOTS WERE HEARD, 1152 01:12:51,304 --> 01:12:54,958 FOLLOWED UP BY INCREASING RAPIDITY. 1153 01:12:55,024 --> 01:12:58,562 A DESPERATE FIGHT WAS GOING ON IN THE VALLEY BELOW THE RIDGE, 1154 01:12:58,628 --> 01:13:01,981 IN THE VERY PLACE WHERE THE COMMAND WAS FORBIDDEN TO GO. 1155 01:13:02,048 --> 01:13:05,902 THEN FOLLOWED A FEW QUICK VOLLEYS, 1156 01:13:05,969 --> 01:13:10,774 THEN SCATTERING SHOTS, AND THEN, DEAD SILENCE. 1157 01:13:10,841 --> 01:13:14,745 LESS THAN HALF AN HOUR HAD PASSED, 1158 01:13:14,811 --> 01:13:18,048 AND THE SILENCE WAS DREADFUL -- 1159 01:13:18,115 --> 01:13:21,151 MRS. FRANCES GRUMMOND. 1160 01:13:21,217 --> 01:13:25,188 Narrator: A NERVOUS SEARCH PARTY FOUND FETTERMAN AND HIS COMMAND 1161 01:13:25,255 --> 01:13:27,090 LATE THAT AFTERNOON. 1162 01:13:27,157 --> 01:13:31,461 THEY WERE ALL DEAD. 1163 01:13:31,528 --> 01:13:36,400 WE PACKED THEM ON TOP OF THE AMMUNITION BOXES IN THE WAGONS. 1164 01:13:36,466 --> 01:13:40,003 COULD NOT TELL CAVALRY FROM THE INFANTRY. 1165 01:13:40,069 --> 01:13:45,141 ALL DEAD BODIES STRIPPED NAKED, CRUSHED SKULLS, WITH WAR CLUBS, 1166 01:13:45,208 --> 01:13:48,594 EARS, NOSE, AND LEGS HAD BEEN CUT OFF, 1167 01:13:48,661 --> 01:13:50,163 SCALPS TORN AWAY, 1168 01:13:50,229 --> 01:13:54,334 AND THE BODIES PIERCED WITH BULLETS AND ARROWS, 1169 01:13:54,401 --> 01:13:56,119 WRISTS, FEET, AND ANKLES, 1170 01:13:56,185 --> 01:13:58,872 LEAVING EACH ATTACHED BY A TENDON. 1171 01:13:58,939 --> 01:14:03,126 WE WALKED ON THEIR INTERNALS AND DID NOT KNOW IT 1172 01:14:03,192 --> 01:14:04,861 IN THE HIGH GRASS. 1173 01:14:04,928 --> 01:14:08,765 PICKED THEM UP -- THAT IS, THEIR INTERNALS -- 1174 01:14:08,831 --> 01:14:12,653 DID NOT KNOW THE SOLDIER THEY BELONGED TO. 1175 01:14:12,719 --> 01:14:17,790 SO YOU SEE, THE CAVALRYMAN GOT AN INFANTRYMAN'S GUTS, 1176 01:14:17,857 --> 01:14:22,278 AND AN INFANTRYMAN GOT A CAVALRYMAN'S GUTS -- 1177 01:14:22,345 --> 01:14:24,414 PRIVATE JOHN GUTHRIE. 1178 01:14:24,481 --> 01:14:30,287 Momaday: THERE WAS A BUGLER WHOSE NAME WAS ADOLF METZGER, 1179 01:14:30,370 --> 01:14:32,872 AND HE WAS PINNED DOWN, 1180 01:14:32,939 --> 01:14:37,377 AND HE EXPENDED ALL OF HIS AMMUNITION, 1181 01:14:37,443 --> 01:14:40,097 AND THEN HE TOOK HIS BUGLE 1182 01:14:40,163 --> 01:14:43,850 AND STARTED FIGHTING WITH IT FIERCELY. 1183 01:14:43,917 --> 01:14:49,772 AND HIS BODY WAS THE ONLY ONE THAT WAS NOT DEFILED THERE. 1184 01:14:49,857 --> 01:14:53,944 AND INDEED, THE INDIANS PLACED A BUFFALO CLOAK OVER IT 1185 01:14:54,010 --> 01:14:56,279 BECAUSE HE FOUGHT WITH SUCH BRAVERY, 1186 01:14:56,363 --> 01:14:58,865 AND THEY PAID HIM HOMAGE FOR THAT. 1187 01:14:58,932 --> 01:15:02,919 Grummond:THE LADIES CLUSTERED IN MRS. WAND'S CABIN 1188 01:15:02,986 --> 01:15:04,420 AS NIGHT DREW ON, 1189 01:15:04,487 --> 01:15:08,658 ALL SPEECHLESS FROM ABSOLUTE STAGNATION AND TERROR. 1190 01:15:08,725 --> 01:15:11,828 THEN THE CRUNCHING OF WAGON WHEELS 1191 01:15:11,894 --> 01:15:13,797 STARTLED US TO OUR FEET. 1192 01:15:13,863 --> 01:15:15,298 THE GATES OPENED. 1193 01:15:15,364 --> 01:15:18,135 WAGONS WERE SLOWLY DRIVEN WITHIN, 1194 01:15:18,201 --> 01:15:21,571 BEARING THEIR DEAD, BUT PRECIOUS, HARVEST 1195 01:15:21,638 --> 01:15:23,540 FROM THE FIELD OF BLOOD, 1196 01:15:23,606 --> 01:15:27,210 AND CARRYI LIFELESS BODIES TO THE HOSPITAL, 1197 01:15:27,277 --> 01:15:29,312 WITH THE HEART-RENDING NEWS, 1198 01:15:29,379 --> 01:15:33,350 ALMOST TENDERLY WHISPEREDOLDI ERS THEMSELVES, 1199 01:15:33,417 --> 01:15:36,386 THAT NO MORE WERE TO COME IN. 1200 01:15:44,677 --> 01:15:47,664 DEAR GENERAL SHERMAN, IN TAKING THE OFFENSIVE 1201 01:15:47,731 --> 01:15:51,568 I HAVE TO SELECT THAT SEASON WHEN I CAN CATCH THE FIENDS, 1202 01:15:51,635 --> 01:15:55,705 AND IF A VILLAGE IS ATTACKED AND WOMEN AND CHILDREN KILLED, 1203 01:15:55,772 --> 01:15:58,007 THE RESPONSIBILITY IS NOT WITH THE SOLDIERS, 1204 01:15:58,074 --> 01:15:59,459 BUT WITH THE PEOPLE 1205 01:15:59,525 --> 01:16:02,645 WHOSE CRIMES NECESSITATED THE ATTACK -- 1206 01:16:02,713 --> 01:16:04,814 GENERAL PHILIP SHERIDAN. 1207 01:16:04,882 --> 01:16:06,533 DEAR GENERAL SHERIDAN, 1208 01:16:06,600 --> 01:16:09,919 I WILL BACK YOU WITH MY WHOLE AUTHORITY. 1209 01:16:09,986 --> 01:16:12,772 I WILL SAY NOTHING AND DO NOTHING 1210 01:16:12,838 --> 01:16:14,557 TO RESTRAIN OUR TROOPS 1211 01:16:14,641 --> 01:16:18,161 FROM DOING WHAT THEY DEEM PROPER ON THE SPOT 1212 01:16:18,228 --> 01:16:21,815 AND WILL ALLOW NO MERE VAGUE, GENERAL CHARGES 1213 01:16:21,882 --> 01:16:25,685 OF CRUELTY AND INHUMANITY TO TIE THEIR HANDS, 1214 01:16:25,751 --> 01:16:29,039 BUT WILL USE ALL THE POWERS CONFIDED TO ME 1215 01:16:29,105 --> 01:16:31,607 TO THE END THAT THESE INDIANS, 1216 01:16:31,674 --> 01:16:35,611 THE ENEMIES OF OUR RACE AND OF OUR CIVILIZATION, 1217 01:16:35,678 --> 01:16:37,480 SHALL NOT AGAIN BE ABLE 1218 01:16:37,547 --> 01:16:41,367 TO BEGIN AND CARRY OUT THEIR BARBAROUS WARFARE -- 1219 01:16:41,434 --> 01:16:43,954 GENERAL WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN. 1220 01:16:47,674 --> 01:16:51,361 Narrator: FOR THREE YEARS, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WAVERED 1221 01:16:51,428 --> 01:16:54,080 BETWEEN A POLICY OF NEGOTIATION OR WAR 1222 01:16:54,147 --> 01:16:56,249 WITH THE INDIANS OF THE PLAINS. 1223 01:16:56,316 --> 01:17:01,004 BUT IN 1868, THE PROBLEM WAS TURNED OVER TO TWO OF THE MEN 1224 01:17:01,071 --> 01:17:06,510 WHOSE MILITARY STRATEGY HAD BROUGHT THE SOUTH TO ITS KNEES. 1225 01:17:06,576 --> 01:17:07,994 DURING THE CIVIL WAR, 1226 01:17:08,060 --> 01:17:11,248 PHILIP SHERIDAN HAD SO THOROUGHLY STRIPPED 1227 01:17:11,314 --> 01:17:13,817 THE BOUNTIFUL SHENANDOAH VALLEY, 1228 01:17:13,900 --> 01:17:18,020 HE LIKED TO CLAIM THAT A CROW, WISHING TO FLY OVER THE VALLEY, 1229 01:17:18,087 --> 01:17:20,774 HAD TO CARRY ITS OWN RATIONS. 1230 01:17:20,840 --> 01:17:23,960 AND WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN HAD CUT A SWATH 1231 01:17:24,027 --> 01:17:25,645 FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA, 1232 01:17:25,711 --> 01:17:29,282 LEAVING THE BLACKENED CHIMNEYS OF HUNDREDS OF HOMES 1233 01:17:29,349 --> 01:17:32,869 AS TESTIMONY TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HIS METHODS. 1234 01:17:32,936 --> 01:17:36,489 TOGETHER, THEY WOULD TRY TO DO TO THE INDIANS 1235 01:17:36,556 --> 01:17:38,992 WHAT THEY HAD DONE TO THE SOUTH. 1236 01:17:39,059 --> 01:17:43,880 AND THEY WOULD START WITH THE CHEYENNE ON THE SOUTHERN PLAINS. 1237 01:17:43,947 --> 01:17:47,784 THE CAMPAIGN THEY DEVISED WOULD BE WAGED IN THE WINTER, 1238 01:17:47,851 --> 01:17:50,804 WHEN THE INDIANS WERE MOST VULNERABLE. 1239 01:17:50,870 --> 01:17:53,789 IT CALLED FOR THREE SEPARATE COLUMNS 1240 01:17:53,857 --> 01:17:57,861 TO FORCE THE CHEYENNE BACK ONTO THEIR RESERVATION. 1241 01:17:57,927 --> 01:18:01,097 THE SOLDIER MEANT TO DO THE REAL FIGHTING 1242 01:18:01,164 --> 01:18:03,433 WAS SHERIDAN'S FAVORITE OFFICER, 1243 01:18:03,499 --> 01:18:07,337 ONE OF THE UNION'S MOST CELEBRATED GENERALS -- 1244 01:18:07,404 --> 01:18:11,407 GEORGE ARMSTRONG CUSTER, WHO HAD BUILT HIS REPUTATION 1245 01:18:11,474 --> 01:18:16,146 LEADING DARING CAVALRY CHARGES AGAINST THE CONFEDERATES. 1246 01:18:16,212 --> 01:18:20,367 CUSTER LEPT AT THE CHANCE. 1247 01:18:20,433 --> 01:18:27,273 NOVEMBER 23, 1868. REVEILLE AT 3:00. 1248 01:18:27,339 --> 01:18:31,778 SNOWED ALL NIGHT AND IT'S STILL SNOWING VERY HEAVILY. 1249 01:18:31,845 --> 01:18:37,167 DAYLIGHT FOUND US ON THE MARCH. ALL LANDMARKS WERE INVISIBLE. 1250 01:18:37,233 --> 01:18:41,037 THEN GENERAL CUSTER, WITH COMPASS IN HAND, 1251 01:18:41,104 --> 01:18:44,824 TOOK THE LEAD AND BECAME OUR GUIDE -- 1252 01:18:44,891 --> 01:18:48,662 SECOND LIEUTENANT EDWARD S. GODFREY, 1253 01:18:48,728 --> 01:18:50,513 SEVENTH CAVALRY. 1254 01:18:50,580 --> 01:18:53,783 Narrator: CUSTER DROVE HIS MEN RELENTLESSLY, 1255 01:18:53,850 --> 01:18:56,903 UNTIL ONE NIGHT HIS INDIAN SCOUTS REPORTED 1256 01:18:56,970 --> 01:19:00,923 THEY HAD FOUND A CHEYENNE VILLAGE OF SOME 50 LODGES. 1257 01:19:01,007 --> 01:19:04,494 HE ORDERED HIS MEN TO PREPARE FOR A DAWN ATTACK, 1258 01:19:04,561 --> 01:19:08,048 THOUGH HE DIDN'T KNOW HOW MANY INDIANS WERE THERE 1259 01:19:08,114 --> 01:19:10,283 OR WHOSE VILLAGE IT WAS. 1260 01:19:10,350 --> 01:19:16,390 AS IT HAPPENED, IT WAS BLACK KETTLE'S. 1261 01:19:16,456 --> 01:19:19,258 HE AND HIS BAND WERE NOW ENCAMPED 1262 01:19:19,325 --> 01:19:22,445 ALONG THE BANKS OF THE WASHITA RIVER 1263 01:19:22,511 --> 01:19:24,480 IN WHAT IS NOW OKLAHOMA. 1264 01:19:24,547 --> 01:19:27,667 A WHITE FLAG FLEW ABOVE HIS TEPEE. 1265 01:19:27,734 --> 01:19:31,904 I HAVE ALWAYS DONE MY BEST TO KEEP MY YOUNG MEN QUIET, 1266 01:19:31,971 --> 01:19:36,309 BUT SOME WILL NOT LISTEN, AND SINCE THE FIGHTING BEGAN, 1267 01:19:36,376 --> 01:19:40,213 I HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO KEEP THEM ALL AT HOME. 1268 01:19:40,279 --> 01:19:44,016 BUT WE WANT PEACE, AND I WOULD BE GLAD 1269 01:19:44,083 --> 01:19:47,653 TO MOVE ALL MY PEOPLE DOWN THIS WAY. 1270 01:19:47,720 --> 01:19:52,125 I COULD THEN KEEP THEM ALL QUIETLY NEAR CAMP -- 1271 01:19:52,191 --> 01:19:53,660 BLACK KETTLE. 1272 01:19:53,726 --> 01:19:56,996 Narrator: SOME OF HIS YOUNG MEN HAD SLIPPED AWAY 1273 01:19:57,063 --> 01:19:59,666 TO STEAL LIVESTOCK AND RAID SETTLERS. 1274 01:19:59,732 --> 01:20:03,670 THERE WERE FOUR WHITE CAPTIVES BEING HELD IN THE VILLAGE. 1275 01:20:03,736 --> 01:20:06,923 IT WAS THE PONY TRACKS OF ONE OF THE WAR PARTIES 1276 01:20:06,990 --> 01:20:10,743 THAT HAD LED CUSTER'S SCOUTS TO THE EDGE OF THE CAMP. 1277 01:20:14,547 --> 01:20:20,570 NOVEMBER 27, 1868, DAWNED -- TWO DAYS SHORT 1278 01:20:20,636 --> 01:20:25,458 OF THE FOURTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SLAUGHTER AT SAND CREEK. 1279 01:20:25,524 --> 01:20:30,163 Mann: MY GREAT-GRANDMOTHER WAS AMONG ABOUT 400 INDIVIDUALS 1280 01:20:30,230 --> 01:20:35,184 THAT FOLLOWED BLACK KETTLE AND WERE CAMPED ALONG THE WASHITA 1281 01:20:35,251 --> 01:20:39,856 WHEN THE SOLDIERS CAME IN FROM THE FOUR DIRECTIONS 1282 01:20:39,923 --> 01:20:44,711 TO THE TUNE OF THE MILITARY BAND PLAYING "GARRY OWEN" 1283 01:20:44,777 --> 01:20:48,731 ON SUCH A BITTERLY COLD MORNING THAT THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE MEN 1284 01:20:48,798 --> 01:20:50,133 FROZE TO THEIR LIPS 1285 01:20:50,199 --> 01:20:51,917 AS THEY WENT ABOUT THE SLAUGHTER. 1286 01:20:51,984 --> 01:20:56,172 Narrator: CUSTER AND MORE THAN 600 SOLDIERS 1287 01:20:56,256 --> 01:21:00,009 CHARGED THROUGH BLACK KETTLE'S CAMP. 1288 01:21:00,076 --> 01:21:02,728 IT WAS EARLY IN THE MORNING 1289 01:21:02,795 --> 01:21:07,300 WHEN THE SOLDIERS BEGAN THE SHOOTING. 1290 01:21:07,367 --> 01:21:10,469 ALL OF US JUMPED FROM OUR BEDS, 1291 01:21:10,520 --> 01:21:15,491 AND ALL OF US STARTED RUNNING TO GET AWAY. 1292 01:21:15,558 --> 01:21:22,448 I WAS BAREFOOTED, AS WERE ALMOST ALL OF THE OTHERS -- 1293 01:21:22,515 --> 01:21:24,818 KATE BIG HEAD. 1294 01:21:27,887 --> 01:21:31,991 Narrator: THE KILLING WENT ON FOR HALF AN HOUR. 1295 01:21:32,058 --> 01:21:35,361 THE SURVIVORS HID IN THE TALL GRASS. 1296 01:21:35,427 --> 01:21:39,966 Mann: MY GREAT-GRANDMOTHER ESCAPED, AGAIN, FORTUNATELY, 1297 01:21:40,033 --> 01:21:43,619 BUT BLACK KETTLE AND HIS WIFE DID NOT. 1298 01:21:43,686 --> 01:21:46,255 HE BROUGHT HIS PONY UP ALONGSIDE OF HER 1299 01:21:46,322 --> 01:21:48,124 AND TOLD HER TO GET BEHIND HIM. 1300 01:21:48,190 --> 01:21:49,675 SHE CLIMBED UP BEHIND HIM, 1301 01:21:49,742 --> 01:21:53,246 AND AS THEY STARTED TO RIDE ACROSS THE WASHITA, WERE KILLED. 1302 01:21:53,312 --> 01:21:55,264 [ GUNSHOT ] 1303 01:21:58,184 --> 01:22:01,738 HE DIED FIGHTING FOR WHAT HE BELIEVED IN -- 1304 01:22:01,804 --> 01:22:11,163 AND THAT WAS PEACE. 1305 01:22:11,230 --> 01:22:14,633 PRING, THE LAST CHEYENNE HOLDOUTSE S 1306 01:22:14,700 --> 01:22:17,120 FROM THE RELENTLESS WINTER CAMPAIGN 1307 01:22:17,187 --> 01:22:18,705 BEGAN TO SURRENDER. 1308 01:22:18,771 --> 01:22:22,709 ONE BAND WAS LED BY A CHIEF NAMED ROCK FOREHEAD. 1309 01:22:22,775 --> 01:22:26,796 CUSTER DECIDED TO TRY TO TALK HIM INTO GIVING UP, 1310 01:22:26,879 --> 01:22:29,248 RATHER THAN RISK AN ATTACK. 1311 01:22:29,315 --> 01:22:33,436 HE ENTERED THE VILLAGE WITH ONLY AN INTERPRETER, 1312 01:22:33,502 --> 01:22:36,723 AND WAS TAKEN TO THE CHIEF'S TEPEE. 1313 01:22:36,790 --> 01:22:39,659 THERE, SEATED UNDER THE SACRED ARROWS, 1314 01:22:39,725 --> 01:22:43,212 THE CHEYENNES' MOST HONORED AND POWERFUL MEDICINE, 1315 01:22:43,279 --> 01:22:46,532 THE INDIANS PASSED ALONG A CEREMONIAL PIPE 1316 01:22:46,599 --> 01:22:48,167 FOR CUSTER TO SMOKE. 1317 01:22:48,234 --> 01:22:51,821 HE TOLD THEM IF THEY RETURNED TO THE RESERVATION, 1318 01:22:51,887 --> 01:22:55,925 NO ONE WOULD BE HARMED, AND PEACE WOULD BE RESTORED. 1319 01:22:55,991 --> 01:23:00,196 EVENTUALLY, ROCK FOREHEAD WOULD AGREE TO GIVE UP. 1320 01:23:00,263 --> 01:23:01,847 BUT ON THAT DAY, 1321 01:23:01,914 --> 01:23:05,952 HE WAS NOT CONVINCED THAT CUSTER WAS TRUSTWORTHY. 1322 01:23:06,019 --> 01:23:10,940 AND HE TAPPED OUT THE PIPE'S ASHES ON THE GENERAL'S BOOTS, 1323 01:23:11,007 --> 01:23:15,912 TO BRING CUSTER BAD LUCK AND TO DRIVE HOME A WARNING. 1324 01:23:15,978 --> 01:23:20,133 Big Head:THEY TOLD HIM THEN THAT IF EVER AFTERWARD 1325 01:23:20,200 --> 01:23:23,453 HE SHOULD BREAK THAT PEACE PROMISE 1326 01:23:23,519 --> 01:23:26,372 AND SHOULD FIGHT THE CHEYENNES, 1327 01:23:26,438 --> 01:23:31,310 THE EVERYWHERE SPIRIT SURELY WOULD CAUSE HIM TO BE KILLED.